Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model of Nursing PDF

SR. CALLISTA ROY The Adaptation Model of Nursing  Biography Sister Callista Roy was born in October 14, 1939 in Los Angeles, California. In 1963, she earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Nursing from Mount St. Mary’s College in Los Angeles. In 1966, she earned a Master’s Degree in Pediat...

SR. CALLISTA ROY The Adaptation Model of Nursing  Biography Sister Callista Roy was born in October 14, 1939 in Los Angeles, California. In 1963, she earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Nursing from Mount St. Mary’s College in Los Angeles. In 1966, she earned a Master’s Degree in Pediatric Nursing from the University of California-Los Angeles. She also earned a Master’s Degree in Sociology in 1973, and went on to complete a Doctoral degree in Sociology in 1977. She is a sister of St. Joseph of Carondelet.  Educational Background Bachelor of Arts Major in Master’s degree in Nursing Sociology Mount Saint Mary’s College Master’s degree in Nursing University of California, Los Doctorate in Sociology in Los Angeles in 1963 Angeles in 1973. University of California, Los University of California, Los Angeles in 1966. Angeles in 1977. Profession She developed the model’s basic concepts while she was a graduate student at the University of California from 1964 to 1966. In 1968, she began implementing her model at Mount Saint Mary’s College which became the nursing curriculum’s philosophical foundation. During her time working toward her master’s degree, Roy was challenged in a seminar with Dorothy E. Johnson to develop a conceptual model for nursing. Roy worked as a pediatric nurse and noticed a great resiliency of children and their ability to adapt to major physical and psychological changes. Impressed by this adaptation, Roy worked towards an appropriate conceptual framework for nursing. Roy was an associate professor and chairperson of the Department of Nursing at Mount Saint Mary’s College until 1982 and was promoted to the professor’s rank in 1983 at both Mount Saint Mary’s College and the University of Portland. She helped initiate and taught in a summer master’s program at the University of Portland. Profession She was a Robert Wood Johnson postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, San Francisco, from 1983 to 1985 as a clinical nurse scholar in neuroscience. During this time, she researched nursing interventions for cognitive recovery in head injuries and the influence of nursing models on clinical decision making. From 1987 to the present, Roy began the newly created resident nurse theorist position at Boston College School of Nursing, where she teaches doctoral, master’s, and undergraduate students. In 1991, she founded the Boston Based Adaptation Research in Nursing Society (BBARNS), which would later be renamed the Roy Adaptation Association. Roy’s other scholarly work includes conceptualizing and measuring coping and developing the philosophical basis for the adaptation model and nursing’s epistemology. Roy belongs to the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet.  Achievements In 2007, Roy was named a Living Legend Among her achievements include an by the American Academy of Nursing and Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters the Massachusetts Registered Nurses from Alverno College in 1984, honorary Association. doctorates from Eastern Michigan University (1985), and St. Joseph’s College in main (1999). Roy is also a Sigma Theta Tau member, and she received the National Founder’s She also received the American Journal of Award for Excellence in Fostering Nursing Book of the Year Award for the Professional Nursing Standards in 1981. Roy Adaptation Model Essentials. Achievements 2007 – American Academy of Nursing Living Legend Award 2010 – University of Southern Alabama Picture Gallery of Theorist, University of Alabama 2010 – Inducted to Nurse Researcher Hall of Fame, Inaugural Class, Sigma Theta Tau International, Honor Society of Nursing 2010 – “Sixty Who have Made a Difference,” UCLA School of Nursing, 6th Anniversary 2010 – Inductee, Sigma Theta Tau International Nurse Researcher Hall of Fame 2011 – Nursing Science Quarterly Special Issue Honoring the work of Callista Roy, Vol. 24, Num. 4, Oct. 2011 Achievements 2011 – Faculty Senior Scientist Poster Exemplar Award, Yvonne L. Munn Center for Nursing Research and the Nursing Research Expo Committee, Massachusetts General Hospital 2011 – The Sigma Mentor Award, Sigma Theta Tau International Alpha Chi Chapter 2013 – Distinguished Graduate Award, Bishop Conaty/Our Lady of Loretto High School 2013 – Honorary Doctoral Degree, Holy Family University 2013 – Alumni Award for Professional Achievement, UCLA 2013 – Excellence in Nursing, The University of Antioquia, Medellin Colombia  Works Roy, S. C. (2014). Generating middle-range theory: From evidence to practice. New York, NY: Springer. Roy, S. C., & Harrington, A. (2013). Roy adaptation model-based research: Global view. Generating Middle range theory: From evidence to practice (pp. 355-365). New York, NY: Springer. Roy, S. C. (2013). From US nurse theorist’s view of person and good of society: Dr. Callista Roy (p. 3), in Cristina Monforte, RN, MSN, PhD (Ed.), Catalunya: Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC). Roy, S. C., Barone, S. H. (2013). Pedagogic materials for generating middle range theories: Evidence for practice. In S.C Roy (ed.). Generating Middle Range Theory: From Evidence to Practice. New York, NY: Springer. Roy, S. C. (2011). Research-based on the Roy adaptation model: Last 25 years. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24(4), 312-320. Roy, S. C. (2011). Extending the Roy Adaptation Model to Meet Changing Global Needs. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24(4), 345- 351. Senesac, P. M., Roy, S. C. (2010). Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model, In M. Parker and M. Smith (Ed.), Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice (ed., pp. 40 page manuscript). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. Jones, D. A., Roy, S. C., K. A. (2013). Marjory Gordon Living Legend. NANDA- International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classification, 21(2), 2. McCurry, M.S., Hunter Revell, S., & Roy, C. (2010). Knowledge for the good of the individual and society: Linking philosophy, disciplinary goals, theory, and practice. Nursing Philosophy, 11(1), 42-52. Roy, C. (2009). The Roy Adaptation Model, 3rd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Health.  Works Barone, S., Roy, C., & Frederickson, K. (2008). Instruments used in Roy Adaptation Model-based research: Review, critique, and further directions. Nursing Science Quarterly. 21(4), 353-362. Roy, C. (2007). Update from the future: Thinking of Theorist Callista Roy. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(2), 113-116. Roy, Sr. C. & Jones, D. (Editors). (2007). Nursing knowledge development and clinical practice. New York, NY: Springer. Jones, D.A., Roy, C.A., & Avant, K. (2010). Marjory Gordon, living legend. NADA- International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications, 21(2), 80-81. Roy, C. (2010). Assessment and the Roy Adaptation Model. (M. Ito, Trans.). Journal of Japan Society of Nursing Diagnosis, 15(1), 35-41. Roy, S.C., & Dowlatshahi, M. (2010). Forward. In Nursing Concepts and Nursing Theories Glossary (pp. 2-3). Tehran, Iran: Medical Sciences Publishing Center. Roy, S. C., Zhan, L. (2010). Sister Callista Roy’s Nursing Adaptation Model and its Applications. In M. Parker & M. Smith (Eds.), Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice, 3rd edition, (pp. 167-181). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. Roy, C. (2010). Nursing practice and research based on the Roy Adaptation Model. Bulletin of St. Mary’s College, 5-13. Roy, C. (2010). Thoughts from a theorist. Roy Adaptation Review, 13(1), 5. Roy, C.(2009). Forward. In J. Cutliffe, K. Hyrkas, & H.P. Mckenna (Eds.), Nursing Models: Application to Practice. London. UK: Quay Books.  Works Roy, C., & Solodiuk, J. (2009). Global nursing conference focused on knowledge for good of persons and society with reflections from Ph.D. students. International Network for Doctoral Education in Nursing (INDEN) Newsletter, 8(1), 5-6. Roy, C., Whetsell, M.V., & Frederickson, K. (2009). The Roy Adaptation Model and research: Global perspective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(3), 209-211. Roy, C. (2009). Thoughts from a theorist. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12(1), 4. Roy, C. (2009). Assessment and the Roy Adaptation Model. The Japanese Nursing Journal, 29(11), 5-7. Roy, C. (2008). Adversity and theory: The broad picture. Nursing Science Quarterly. 21(2), 138-139. O’Connor, A. & Roy, C. (2008). Electric power plant emissions and public health. American Journal of Nursing. 108(2), 62-70. Magee, T. & Roy, C. (2008). Predicting school-age behavior problems: The role of early childhood risk factors. Pediatric Nursing, 34(1), 37-43. Willis, D., Grace, P., & Roy, C. (2008). A central unifying focus for the discipline: Facilitating humanization, meaning, choice, quality of life, and dying. Advances in Nursing Science. (31)1. online only: www.advancesinnursingscience.com Chayput, P. & Roy, C. (2007). Psychometric testing of the Thai version of coping and adaption processing scale—short form (TCAPS-SF). Thai Journal of Nursing Council, 22(3), 29-39. Roy, C. (2007). Update from the future: Thinking of Theorist Callista Roy. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(2), 113-116.  Works Roy, C. (2007). The Roy Adaptation Model: Historical and Philosoph-ical Foundations. In Maria Elisa Moreno, et al. (Eds.) Applicacion Del Model Adaptacion en el Ciclo Vital Humano, 2nd Edition. Chia, Columbia: Universidad de La Sabana. Roy, C. (2007). Fundamental History and Philosophy of the Roy Adaptation Model. In Guitierrez, M. dC (Ed.) Adaptacion y Cuidado en el ser Humano: Una Vision de Enfermeria. Bogota: Editorial El Manual Moderno, Universidad de la Sabana, 1- 12. Roy, C. & Lindendoll, N. (2006). Defining international consensus on mentorship in doctoral education. Journal of Research in Nursing, 11(4), 345-353. Morgillo-Freeman, S. & Roy, C. (2005). Cognitive behavior therapy and the Roy Adaptation Model: A discussion of theoretical integration. In S.M. Freeman & A. Freeman (Eds.), Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Nursing Practice. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 3-27. Roy, C. & Gray, M. (2005). Role of the supervisor/mentor. In Ketefian, S. & McKenna, H.P. (Eds.). Doctoral Education in Nursing International Perspectives. New York: Routledge. Roy, C. (2003). Reflections on Nursing Research and the Roy Adaptation Model. Igaju-syoin Japanese Journal, 36(1), 7-11. Whittemore, R. & Roy, C. (2002). Adapting to Diabetes Mellitus: A Theory Synthesis. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(4), 311-317. ADAPTATION MODEL OF NURSING Sr. Callista Roy‘s Adaptation Model of Nursing was developed by Sister Callista Roy in 1976. The nursing theory aims to explain or define the provision of nursing. In her theory, Roy’s model sees the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain a balance between these various stimuli. The Roy Adaptation Model was first presented in the literature in an article published in Nursing Outlook in 1970 entitled “Adaptation: A Conceptual Framework for Nursing.” In the same year, Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing was adapted in Mount St. Mary’s School in Los Angeles, California. ADAPTATION MODEL OF NURSING Sr. Callista Roy conceptualizes the person in a holistic perspective. Individual aspects of parts act together to form a unified being. Additionally, as living systems, persons are in constant interaction with their environments. Between the system and the environment occurs an exchange of information, matter, and energy. Characteristics of a system include inputs, outputs, controls, and feedback. SCIENTIFIC ASSUMPTIONS Systems of matter and energy progress to higher levels of complex self- organization. Consciousness and meaning are constructive of person and environment integration. Awareness of self and environment is rooted in thinking and feeling. Humans, by their decisions, are accountable for the integration of creative processes. Thinking and feeling mediate human action. System relationships include acceptance, protection, and fostering of interdependence. Persons and the earth have common patterns and integral relationships. Persons and environment transformations are created in human consciousness. Integration of human and environmental meanings results in adaptation. PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS Persons have mutual relationships with the world and God. Human meaning is rooted in the omega point convergence of the universe. God is intimately revealed in the diversity of creation and is the common destiny of creation. Persons use human creative abilities of awareness, enlightenment, and faith. Persons are accountable for the processes of deriving, sustaining, and transforming the universe. MAJOR CONCEPTS OF THE ADAPTATION MODEL  PERSON BASED ON ROY, HUMANS ARE HOLISTIC BEINGS THAT ARE IN CONSTANT INTERACTION WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT. HUMANS USE A SYSTEM OF ADAPTATION, BOTH INNATE AND ACQUIRED, TO RESPOND TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI THEY EXPERIENCE. HUMAN SYSTEMS CAN BE INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS, SUCH AS FAMILIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND THE WHOLE GLOBAL COMMUNITY. Human systems have thinking and feeling capacities, rooted in consciousness and meaning, by which they adjust effectively to changes in the environment and, in turn, affect the environment.”  ENVIRONMENT THE ENVIRONMENT IS DEFINED AS CONDITIONS, CIRCUMSTANCES, AND INFLUENCES THAT AFFECT HUMANS’ DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR AS AN ADAPTIVE SYSTEM. THE ENVIRONMENT IS A STIMULUS OR INPUT THAT REQUIRES A PERSON TO ADAPT. THESE STIMULI CAN BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE. “The conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of persons or groups, with particular consideration of the mutuality of person and health resources that includes focal, contextual and residual stimuli.” CATEGORY OF STIMULI FOCAL STIMULI CONTEXTUAL STIMULI RESIDUAL STIMULI Focal stimuli are that Contextual stimuli are Residual stimuli are the confront the human system characterized as the rest of additional environmental and require the most the stimuli present with the factors present within the attention. focal stimuli and contribute situation but whose effect is to its effect. unclear. Focal stimuli are those which are most immediately confronting the human adaptive system Example: belief and thought about not being able to take Example: Asthma Example: Dyspnea while a shower safely. taking shower  HEALTH HEALTH IS DEFINED AS THE STATE WHERE HUMANS CAN CONTINUALLY ADAPT TO STIMULI. BECAUSE ILLNESS IS A PART OF LIFE, HEALTH RESULTS FROM A PROCESS WHERE HEALTH AND ILLNESS CAN COEXIST. IF A HUMAN CAN CONTINUE TO ADAPT HOLISTICALLY, THEY WILL MAINTAIN HEALTH TO REACH COMPLETENESS AND UNITY WITHIN THEMSELVES. IF THEY CANNOT ADAPT ACCORDINGLY, THE INTEGRITY OF THE PERSON CAN BE AFFECTED NEGATIVELY. Health is not freedom from the inevitability of death, disease, unhappiness, and stress, but the ability to cope with them in a competent way.”  NURSING IN ADAPTATION MODEL, NURSES ARE FACILITATORS OF ADAPTATION. THEY ASSESS THE PATIENT’S BEHAVIORS FOR ADAPTATION, PROMOTE POSITIVE ADAPTATION BY ENHANCING ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS AND HELPING PATIENTS REACT POSITIVELY TO STIMULI. NURSES ELIMINATE INEFFECTIVE COPING MECHANISMS AND EVENTUALLY LEAD TO BETTER OUTCOMES. “[The goal of nursing is] the promotion of adaptation for individuals and groups in each of the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity.”  ADAPTATION ADAPTATION IS THE “PROCESS AND OUTCOME WHEREBY THINKING AND FEELING PERSONS AS INDIVIDUALS OR IN GROUPS USE CONSCIOUS AWARENESS AND CHOICE TO CREATE HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATION.” INTERNAL PROCESS REGULATOR COGNATOR The regulator subsystem is a person’s The cognator subsystem is a person’s mental physiological coping mechanism. The body coping mechanism. A person uses his brain to attempts to adapt via regulation of our bodily cope via self-concept, interdependence, and role processes, including neurochemical and function adaptive modes. endocrine systems. FOUR ADAPTIVE MODES THE SUBSYSTEM’S FOUR ADAPTIVE MODES ARE HOW THE REGULATOR AND COGNATOR MECHANISMS ARE MANIFESTED; IN OTHER WORDS, THEY ARE THE EXTERNAL EXPRESSIONS OF THE ABOVE AND INTERNAL PROCESSES. ROLE FUNCTION MODE INTERDEPENDENCE MODE SELF CONCEPT OF GROUP IDENTITY MODE PHYSIOLOGICAL -PHYSICAL MODE  ROLE FUNCTION MODE This mode focuses on the primary, secondary, and tertiary roles that a person occupies in society and knowing where they stand as a member of society. INTERDEPENDENCE MODE This mode focuses on attaining relational integrity through the giving and receiving of love, respect and value. This is achieved with effective communication and relations. SELF CONCEPT AND GROUP IDENTITY MODE In this mode, the goal of coping is to have a sense of unity, meaning the purposefulness in the universe, and a sense of identity integrity. This includes body image and self-ideals. PHYSIOLOGICAL-PHYSICAL MODE Physical and chemical processes are involved in the function and activities of living organisms. These are the actual processes put in motion by the regulator subsystem. PHYSIOLOGICAL-PHYSICAL MODE This mode’s basic need is composed of the needs associated with oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, and protection. This model’s complex processes are associated with the senses, fluid and electrolytes, neurologic function, and endocrine function. LEVELS OF ADAPTATION INTEGRATED PROCESS The various modes and subsystems meet the needs of the environment. These are usually stable processes (e.g., breathing, spiritual realization, successful relationship).  COMPENSATORY PROCESS The cognator and regulator are challenged by the environment’s needs but are working to meet the needs (e.g., grief, starting with a new job, compensatory breathing).  COMPROMISED PROCESS The modes and subsystems are not adequately meeting the environmental challenge (e.g., hypoxia, unresolved loss, abusive relationships).  Strenght Weakness The Adaptation Model of Callista Roy suggests the influence of multiple causes in a situation, which is a Painstaking application of the model requires a strength when dealing with multi-faceted human significant input of time and effort. beings. The sequence of concepts in Roy’s model follows Roy’s model has many elements, systems, logically. In the presentation of each of the key structures, and multiple concepts. concepts, there is the recurring idea of adaptation to maintain integrity. Every concept was operationally defined. The concepts of Roy’s model are stated in relatively simple terms. A major strength of the model is that it guides nurses to use observation and interviewing skills in doing an individualized assessment of each person. The concepts of Roy’s model are applicable within many practice settings of nursing. REFERENCE: