CA lectures pt1_202410241211_51262.pdf

RAK College of Medical Sciences RAK Medical and Health Sciences University 2024-2025 Information Technology and Innovation (ITI-2031) Omar al Jadaan 1 [email protected]  RECAP INFORMATION AND DATA...

RAK College of Medical Sciences RAK Medical and Health Sciences University 2024-2025 Information Technology and Innovation (ITI-2031) Omar al Jadaan 1 [email protected]  RECAP INFORMATION AND DATA DATA DataProcessing Informaton 2  RECAP COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM 3  INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS: HARDWARE LEARNING OUTCOME ⚫ Define basic terminologies related to hardware 4 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS: HARDWARE ⚫ Consist of input devices ⚫ System Unit ⚫ Output devices ⚫ Storage devices 5 COMMON TERMS Computer: A computer is a programmable machine capable of performing a series of logical and arithmetic operations. Conversion of data into information in healthcare. 0 and 1 representation from data to information. 6  Bit: A bit is the smallest unit of data, the lowest level; “bit” is an abbreviation for “binary digit.” A bit represents one of two states for the computer, 0 or 1; Byte: A byte is a string of bits used to represent a character, digit, or symbol. It usually contains 8 bits. 7  Default: It means the setting the computer will use unless told otherwise. Toggle: It means to switch from one mode of operation to another. For example, by default the Show/Hide mode in the Word program is turned off. 8  Update: To install the latest patches (code inserted into an existing software program) for an application or device driver. Upgrade: To enhance a piece of hardware or to obtain the latest version of a software program or app. Boot: It means to power on the computer, perform self-diagnostics, load the operating system (OS) into main memory, start the system, load drivers, and finally, see the initial OS screen. 9 TYPES OF COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES Computers come in various sizes and configurations. Over the years, the power, speed, storage capacity, and capabilities of computers have increased while their size and cost have decreased. 10 SUPERCOMPUTER 11 SUPERCOMPUTER These are the fastest, most expensive Most powerful type of computer Also works as a single computer Most supercomputers consist of multiple high-performance computers that work in parallel as if they were a single computer. 12 MAINFRAME/ENTERPRISE SERVER 13  MAINFRAME/ENTERPRISE SERVER A mainframe is a large computer that accommodates hundreds of users simultaneously. It has a sizable data storage capacity, significant memory Multiple input/output (I/O) devices, and a speedy processor(s). Many universities and hospitals run their computer systems on mainframe computers. 14 MOBILE AND PERSONAL COMPUTERS Laptop Desktop 15 iPad-Tablet Smartphone  SERVERSAND WORKSTATIONS A server is a computer that controls access to the software and hardware (such as printers on the network) and such specialized services as the web server, the firewall server, the database server, and so forth. A workstation is basically a desktop computer with more power, memory, and enhanced capabilities for performing specialized tasks. 16 Microcomputer/PC/Desktop: A microcomputer is a small, one-user computer system Own central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage devices. It referred to as personal computers (PCs) and desktops Laptops/Notebooks: Laptops, sometimes called notebooks More expensive than PCs Same power and capabilities station. 17  Netbooks are ultraportable laptops that are smaller and cheaper than traditional laptops but also less powerful. 18 TABLETS Tablets are smaller than laptops but bigger than smartphones. The internal parts of a tablet look much like a computer but with a snug More efficient fit (think smaller processor) It generally run on a rechargeable battery that lasts on average 10 hours. 19 SMARTPHONES Smartphones such as the iPhone and Android phones Capability to make phone calls It provide access to the Internet, email, texting, references, GPS, books, and games, Healthcare professionals are using these devices for quick access to referenced information during the clinical encounter. 20 ⚫ Assignment ⚫ Readingfrom page59-64 from the “Introductionto Computers for HealthcareProfessionals by Jones & Bartlett Learning (2020)” book 21 Thank You Question ? 22  RAK College of Medical Sciences RAK Medical and Health Sciences University 2024-2025 Information Technology and Innovation (ITI-2031) Omar al Jadaan 23 [email protected] COURSECONTENT ⚫ Informationsystem ⚫ Hardware ⚫ Software ⚫ Communication ⚫ Operating system ⚫ The Internet ⚫ Social media and telecommunications ⚫ Health informatics and information systems ⚫ Artificial intelligence ⚫ 5G networks ⚫ Sensorsand Internet Of Things ⚫ Autonomous machines 3 LEARNING OUTCOME ⚫ Describe the major components of information systems and their related functions ⚫ Define basic terminology related to hardware, software, and connectivity. 4 INFORMATIONAND DATA ⚫ Information System ⚫ Data: raw facts and figures. ⚫Sorting or calculatingof data is called data processing. ⚫When data is processed it provides information. 5 INFORMATIONAND DATA DATA DataProcessing Informaton 6 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM 7  PEOPLE ⚫ Important part of a computer information system ⚫ Providing high-quality patient care ⚫ Groups of users: ⚫ End users ⚫ Technical professionals ⚫ Health informatics specialists 8  POLICIES AND PROCEDURES ⚫ Policies ⚫ Guiding principles for using IT ⚫ Procedures ⚫Step-by-step directions for using information systems 9  INFORMATIONAND DATA ⚫ Informationisthe meaningwe attachto the data. ⚫ For example consider the number 2222593.This maybe interpreted in many ways.If we attach the meaningsuchas telephone number then it becomesinformation. 10 DATATYPES ⚫ Data types describes kind of the data, whether it is numerical or alphabetical ⚫ Informationhasto be represented in the form of a certain datatype. ⚫ Salary in Dollar ( currency) ⚫ Name is a string of characters 11  HARDWARE ⚫ Consists of the physical devices ⚫ More mobile devices ⚫ Point-of-caredelivery venues Such as home, clinic, hospital ⚫ Telehealth apps 12  SOFTWARE ⚫ Programs and apps ⚫ Directions that allow the hardware to function ⚫ No data without software by devices ⚫ No use of hardware without software 13  COMMUNICATION ⚫ Connectivity—also known as communication ⚫ Electronic datatransfer ⚫ Within the computer by devices, and over the network ⚫ 24/7 mobile technological 14 ⚫ Assignment ⚫ Reading from page 54-60 from the “Introduction to Computers for HealthcareProfessionals by Jones & Bartlett Learning (2020)” book 15  RAK College of Medical Sciences RAK Medical and Health Sciences University 2024-2025 Information Technology and Innovation (ITI-2031) OmaralJadaan 37 [email protected]  RECAP INFORMATION AND DATA DATA DataProcessing Informaton 2  RECAP COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM 3  RECAP HARDWARE ⚫ Consist of input devices ⚫ System Unit ⚫ Output devices ⚫ Storage devices 4  RECAP TYPES OF COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES Computers come in various sizes and configurations. Over the years, the power, speed, storage capacity, and capabilities of computers have increased while their size and cost have decreased. 5  RECAP MOBILE AND PERSONAL COMPUTERS Laptop Desktop 6 iPad-Tablet Smartphone  TODAY’S TOPIC INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES LEARNING OUTCOME ⚫ Define basic terminologies related to hardware 7  INPUT DEVICES Inputdevicesare hardware components that convert data from an external source into electronic signals understood by the computer. The user interacts with the computer through an interface and an input device. Among various input devices, the three most common are the keyboard(physical and virtual), mouse,and touchscreen. A standard keyboard is called QWERTY keyboard. 8 INPUT DEVICES 9 KEYBOARD The keyboard is an input device for typing data into the computer. The most common layout includes the typical alphanumeric keys with the function keys at the top and the cursor movement keys and the numeric keypad (calculator layout) on the right. 10 MOUSE Currently, most computers (not tablets or smartphones) come with another input device in addition to the keyboard namely a mouse. 11 MOUSE EXAMPLE 12  INDICATION an arrow , a vertical line |, a horizontal line , or an I-beam In Windows: circle with left-slanted arrow spinning circle , an hourglass , hand 13 OTHER INPUT DEVICES A variety of other devices are used to input data to the system. 14  OTHER INPUT DEVICES …. A digital camera is used to take photographs, which can be uploaded to the computer or a special picture printer. A microphone (voice input device) permits the user to speak into the computer to enter data or give instructions. A video camera (webcam) is an input device that the operator uses to capture video. RFID (radio-frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate information on a tag first to an RFID reader and then to the computer. A scanner is an input device that converts character or 15 graphic patterns into digital data.  OUTPUT DEVICES Output devices take the processed data, which is called information, and present it to the user in display (text, graphics, or video), print, or audio mode. 16 OUTPUT DEVICES…. 17 OUTPUT DEVICES… Laser printers: Most expensive of the common types of printers. Produce high-quality print, are fast, and generate little noise. Black and white and color. Inkjet printers: Reasonably priced and less expensive Most common type of consumer printer. Work by firing droplets of ink onto the paper and may require multiple ink cartridges. They generally produce high-quality photos. 18 OUTPUT DEVICES…. Special-purpose printers: Designed to meet the specific needs of businesses or certain professions. A few examples are dot-matrix for printing invoices, largescale plotters for design drawings, and 3D for creating physical models 19 INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) DEVICES An input/output device receives data from users, or from another device (input), and sends data to another device (output). Also known as I/O (input/output) is “any software or hardware device that is designed to send and receive data to and from a computer hardware component. 20 ⚫ Assignment ⚫ Reading from page 65-76 from the book “Introduction to Computers for Healthcare Professionals by Jones & Bartlett Learning (2020)” Howmany keysa normal keyboardhas also mention the number of the following. Alphanumeric keys Control keys Function keys Numeric keys 21 Thank You Question ? 22  RAK College of Medical Sciences RAK Medical and Health Sciences University 2024-2025 Information Technology and Innovation (ITI-2031) Omar al Jadaan 59 [email protected]  RECAP INPUT DEVICES 2 KEYBOARD The keyboard is an input device for typing data into the computer. The most common layout includes the typical alphanumeric keys with the function keys at the top and the cursor movement keys and the numeric keypad (calculator layout) on the right. 3  RECAP OUTPUT DEVICES…. 4  ASSIGNMENT SOLUTION Howmany keys a normal/standard keyboard has also mention the numberof the following.101keys Alphanumeric keys 46 keys Control keys 02 keys Function keys 12 keys Numeric keys 20 keys 5  TODAY’S TOPIC STORAGE DEVICES LEARNING OUTCOME Describe major components of computer and their related functions 6  SYSTEM UNIT AND RELATED STORAGE It varies in size and shape depending on the device used. It could be as a tower. A simple display screen often referred to as an all-in-one unit. In any event, the system unit contains the control center or “brains” of the computer; it typically is not visible unless the cover of the computer is removed. With most computers, the input and output devices are located outside the system unit. 7  MOTHERBOARD The motherboard (also referred to as the system board) Main circuit board of the system unit. Provides the connections and sockets for other components to communicate with each other. The processor, memory chips or modules reside on the motherboard. 8 9  Chips A tiny piece of semiconducting material (usually silicon) that packs many millions of electronic elements onto a small area. Many chips on a board. The specialized chip called a Processor/CPU has a read-only memory (ROM) chips and static random access memory (SRAM) chips having only programs and data. 10  Processor The processor is the central unit in a computer that contains the circuitry for manipulating the data and carrying out the program instructions. An older term for the processor is “central processing unit” (CPU); both terms are sometimes used interchangeably 11 STORAGE AND MEMORY Storage devices are types of media that hold the data used by other devices. Storage devices come in a variety of types and storage sizes. Primary storage Secondary storage Tertiary storage Offline storage 12  Primary storage: Primary/main/internal memory, provides fast CPU access and is directly or indirectly connected to the CPU. Examples are, RAM, ROM, cache, and Flash. RAM (random access memory): The “random aspect” of RAM means that it allows the CPU to access any of the data in this memory mode as fast as any of the other data. RAM stores data that the computer needs to use temporarily. RAM is faster than secondary storage devices like the hard drive. 13 ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY) The system uses ROM at boot. Firmware programs stores in ROM chips on hardware devices (such as BIOS chip); Firmware contains instructions that the computer can use to perform basic operations necessary to operate hardware devices. ROM is not easy or quick to overwrite or modify. 14  CACHE: Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is high-speed SRAM that the microprocessor can access more quickly than with standard RAM. Systems typically integrate cache directly into the CPU chip or place cache on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU. Flash: Flash memory technology is nonvolatile chip-based storage and, unlike DRAM (dynamic), does not require a persistent power source. Manufacturers may store the BIOS on a flash memory chip on the motherboard. 15 SECONDARY MEMORY Secondary/external memory, is storage the CPU cannot process directly. The system must first copy it into primary storage (RAM). Secondary storage media resides inside the computer case and holds programs such as Word and Excel and user data when they are not in use. 16 DATA STORAGE UNIT The number of instructions and amount of data a computer can store in a memory is measured in bytes. 1 Bit = 1 or 0 (binary digits) 1 byte = 8 bits 1 KB = 1024 bytes 1 MB = 1024 KB 1 GB = 1024 MB 1 TB = 1024 GB 17 STORAGE DEVICES 18 HDD HDDs (hard disk drives) are also known as hard disks or hard drives and are fixed data storage devices in sealed cases that read stored data on platters in the drive. These magnetic storage devices store data in sizes ranging from gigabytes to terabytes. SSD The SSD (solid state drive) is a type of nonvolatile storage that stores data on solid state flash memory with no moving parts. 19 SSDs are more expensive than HDDs TERTIARY STORAGE It generally includes a mechanism to mount (insert) and dismount (remove) removable mass storage media into a storage device. It is usually slow and limited to archiving data that users access infrequently. Tertiary storage is also useful for extensive data storage. Common type of that is CD, DVD and magnetic tape 20 MAGNETIC TAPE Data storage device that read and writes data onto magnetic tape. This storage device is generally used for backup and archival storage; is economical but stores data sequentially. 21  OFFLINE STORAGE It is recognized as disconnected storage. Offline storage is data storage on a medium or a device that a processing unit does not control. The user must insert or connect the device before a computer can access it. Examples of offline Storage devices are USB drives including flash drives and external HDDs and SSDs, memory cards (including those from mobile devices, digital cameras, and digital voice recorders), smart cards, and external CDs/DVDs. 22 TYPEOF STORAGE Primary storage Secondary storage Tertiary storage Offline storage 23 PORTS Ports are the input and output interfaces the computer requires to connect to and communicate with peripherals and computer networks. Ports for peripherals connect peripheral devices such as the mouse, keyboard, and printer while ports for networking purposes permit communications to computer networks without which the computer would exist in a state of isolation. 24 EXAMPLES OF PORTS 25 ⚫ Assignment ⚫ Reading from page 81-90 from the book “Introduction to Computers for Healthcare Professionals by Jones & Bartlett Learning (2020)” 26 Thank You Question ? 27  RAK College of Medical Sciences RAK Medical and Health Sciences University 2024-2025 Information Technology and Innovation (ITI-2031) Omar al Jadaan 86 [email protected]  RECAP SYSTEM UNIT It varies in size and shape depending on the device used. It could be as a tower. A simple display screen often referred to as an all-in-one unit. In any event, the system unit contains the control center or “brains” of the computer; it typically is not visible unless the cover of the computer is removed. With most computers, the input and output devices are located outside the system unit. 2  RECAP STORAGE AND MEMORY Storage devices are types of media that hold the data used by other devices. Storage devices come in a variety of types and storage sizes. Primary storage Secondary storage Tertiary storage Offline storage 3  TODAY’S TOPIC CONNECTIVITY AND SOFTWARE LEARNING OUTCOME Define basic terminologies related to software and communication/connectivity 4 CONNECTIVITY It is the electronic transfer of data or information from one place to another. It also refers to how people use the technology to enhance their communications with each other and with healthcare consumers. 5  NETWORK A network is a collection of computers and other hardware devices, such as a printer, scanner, or file server, that are connected together using communication devices and transmission media. Local area network (LAN) It is a type of network with distance limitations. A building or small campus environment might use a LAN. Some departments within healthcare institutions use LANs to connect various types of equipment for the purpose of communicating and sharing information. 6 LANs typically use a communications standard called Ethernet.  NETWORK Wireless local area network (WLAN) It does not use wires for communication between the server and the client computer or mobile device. Most WLANs physically connect to a LAN for the purpose of accessing resources on that network. Many campuses and many hospitals now have a WLAN for use with mobile devices such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Access points are scattered around the building or facility that provide the local computer with access to the LAN. 7 NETWORK Metropolitan area network (MAN) and Wide area network (WAN) These are high-speed networks that cover larger geographic distances. MANs may include a city or Internet service provider (ISP) that provides the connection for city agencies or individual users with access to the Internet. The best example of a WAN is the Internet, which uses the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) communications standard. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a standard used by mobile devices such as smartphones when they are communicating with Internet services. 8 COMMUNICATION DEVICES Any type of hardware capable of transmitting data and information from one computer to another are called communication devices. Computers and mobile devices requires a communication device to communicate with a network. 9  EXAMPLE Ethernet card It fits into a computer slot and provides connectivity to an internal network. Many organizations often use Ethernet cards to connect computers and peripheral devices to their network. Wireless card It fits into a computer slot or is built into the device to permit access to a wireless network via radio-based connection. The device must be in range of the wireless access point to access the network. 10  COMMUNICATION CHANNELS It is the transmission pathway along which data travel to arrive at the other end of a connection. Bandwidth describes the amount of data that can travel over a communications channel at one time. Healthcare systems typically need a larger bandwidth because they often transmit data-intensive images such as x-rays and OPG results along with text. Broadband refers to the ability to transmit multiple signals at the same time in a faster mode than traditional dial-up and the connection is always on. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), cable, fiber, wireless and satellite are examples of broadband connections. 11  CONNECTIONS A DSL connection makes a faster connection than that achievable with dial-up service, usually through the phone system over copper lines. DSL connections have severe distance limitations. The device must be within 18,000 feet of a phone switching station. Data transmission rates via DSL range from 128 Kbps to 9 Mbps. These connections provide both voice and data signals simultaneously. Degrades in speed as more people access the cable lines at the same time. 12 CONNECTIONS Fiber-optic connection uses cables and is a broadband option for connecting to a network using fiber-optic cable run to homes and businesses by some phone companies. e.g. Etisalat Larger healthcare facilities and some colleges and universities may choose this connection service. Wireless connections use a radio signal to access the Internet. These connections can be mobile or fixed. Most mobile devices also use wireless connections at 3G and 4G speeds, while a router provides a fixed wireless access point. There is movement to 5G speeds. 13 SOFTWARE Computers and mobile devices are unable to complete any task without directions from software programs. Softwareprogramsconsist of step-by-step instructions that direct a device to perform specific tasks such as multiplying, dividing, fetching, or delivering data. Computers require software to function. When the computer is using a specific program, users say they are running or executing the program. The three major categories of software are (1) OSs, (2) languages, and (3) applications (or apps). 14 OPERATING SYSTEMS The operating system (OS) runs runs on a computer or mobile device which tells the computer how to use its own components or hardware. No general-purpose computer or mobile device can work without an OS. Examples: Windows family (currently Windows 10). Apple computers use the Macintosh OS (OS 10-13). Some computers also use variations of UNIX called Linux. Larger computer systems use Windows Server 2012-2019 and UNIX or a UNIX variation such as Solaris. 15 OPERATING SYSTEM user application application Operating system hardware user user application 16 LANGUAGES It presents a simplified means to execute a series of instructions. Specifically, a language consists of a vocabulary and an accompanying set of rules that tell the computer how to work. Languages permit the user to develop programs to perform specific tasks. Popular languages include C, C++, C#, Java, Python, and Visual Basic. Machine-level languages are the lowest level and consist of numbers only (0,1). 17 APPLICATIONS Application programs used to perform a specific task. -Word Applications packages include:  Word processing such as MS word  Spreadsheets software such as MS excel  Database software such as MS access  Presentation software such as power point 18 MAJOR APPLICATION General Purpose software Electronic mail (email) software permits the sending and receiving of messages from one person to one or many other people. Database software helps organize, store, retrieve, and manipulate data for the purpose of later retrieval and report generation. Example: Organizing photos Electronic health records University management system Web services. 19 MAJOR APPLICATION Desktop publishing software It permits the user to create high-quality specialty publications such as newspapers, bulletins, and brochures. It handles page layouts better than word processors and can import a variety of text and graphic files from other application programs. 20 MAJOR APPLICATION Document management and exchange software Individuals and teams to share ideas and information in a common format that is seamless as to the platform (OS), original file integrity, accessibility, and readability. This software may be standalone or an add-in application. Example: Adobe Reader 21 EDUCATION Computer-assisted instruction software A set of programs that help users learn concepts or specific content related to their discipline or area of study. CDROMs and DVDs hold educational programs. Developers may refer to this type of program as training software. The Internet is a natural means for delivering computer assisted instruction. 22 UTILITIES A group of software programs that help with the management or maintenance of files, folders, and the computer, as well as protection of the computer and files from unwanted intrusion. Perform a single task or limited tasks. Examples -Hard disk managers -Compression/decompression programs -Virus detectors,, spyware removers, firewalls -Spam blockers 23 24 PERSONALSOFTWARE These programs help people manage their personal lives. Examples Appointment calendars, Checkbook balancing applications Money management applications Health-related applications Password managers Calculators. 25