Abdominal Sonography Study Guide PDF

Name\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1. **Capillaries** are tiny vessels that connect most arteries and veins. 2. **Arteries** carry blood away from the heart. 3. **Veins** carry blood toward the heart. 4. **Arterioles** are the smallest arterial b...

Name\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1. **Capillaries** are tiny vessels that connect most arteries and veins. 2. **Arteries** carry blood away from the heart. 3. **Veins** carry blood toward the heart. 4. **Arterioles** are the smallest arterial branches. 5. **Venules** are the smallest venous branches. 7\. **[Tunica Media (middle)- Smooth muscle layer with elastic and collagenous tissue]** 8\. **[Tunica Adventia (outer)- Loose connective tissue with bundles of smooth muscle and elastic tissue]** 9. Label the vessel characteristic as **Artery** or **Vein**: 10. The three branches that arise from the aortic arch are: 1. **[Innominate (Rt brachiocephalic Artery]** 2. **[Lt CCA]** 3. **[Lt Subclavian Artery]** 11. List the four major branches of the abdominal aorta, and list if they arise anteriorly or laterally from the aorta: 1. [Celiac Axis- anterior] 2. [SMA- Anterior] 3. [Renal Arteries- Lateral] 4. [IMA- Anterior] 12. The aorta bifurcates into the **[Rt and Lt common iliac arteries]** which then both divide into **[Rt and LT external]** and **[Rt and Lt internal]** iliac arteries. 13. List the five sections of the Aorta: **[Aortic root, Ascending Aorta (arch), Descending Arota ( thoracic), Abdominal Aorta, Birfurcation]** 14. Ultrasound of the aorta is commonly used to assess : 15. **What pathology is most commonly assessed with Ultrasound?[AAA]** 16. Define aortic ectasia: **[Absence of the normal tapering of the aorta distally]** 17. The Aorta runs to the **([left])** of the Inferior Vena Cava. 18. The Inferior Vena Cava crosses the **[Diaphragm]** and enters the **[Rt Atrium]** of the heart. 19. The IVC should be evaluated for **[Thrombus]** or other abnormality. 20. How does having the patient hold their breath change the size of the IVC? **[It will cause the IVC to dilate]** 21. Dilation of the IVC may be an indication of what disease processes? [ ] **Heart problems, Rt sided in particular** 22. In the transverse plane, the celiac axis forms the **[Seagull]** sign. 23. The second anterior abdominal aortic branch is the **[SMA]**. 24. If the angle of the SMA as it arises from the aorta is greater than 15 degrees, it could indicate **[Lymphadenopathy/adenopathy]** 25. The longitudinal the SMA runs **[Parallel]** and **[anterior]** to the aorta. 26. The Right Renal Artery runs **( posterior)** to the IVC most of the time. 27. The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the **[Rt and Lt common iliac arteries]** at the level of the umbilicus suppling blood to the lower extremities. 28. The Renal Arteries are **(lateral)** branches off the aorta. 29. Where do they branch (at what level)? **[Inf to SMA apprx (umbilicus) at the level of the 1^st^ lumbar vertebra]** 30. What type of organ does a low resistance vessel supply? **[One that needs constant perfusion]** 31. The transverse image of the hepatic veins draining into the IVC is called the **[Reindeer]** sign or the **[Playboy Bunny]** sign. 32. The Portal Vein is formed by the confluence of the **[Splenic Vein]** and the **[SMV]**. 33. What artery arises from the celiac truck, passes anterior to the portal vein to enter the liver at the porta hepatis? **[Hepatic Artery]** 34. Define hepatofugal:**[Flow away from the liver]** 35. Define hepatopetal: **[Flow toward the liver]** 36. What is the *normal* direction of flow in the portal vein? [ **Hepatopedal**] 37. In the case of severe portal hypertension, the blood flow in the portal vein will be 38. The Inferior mesenteric artery distributes blood to the: 39. The Superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to: 40. Doppler is used to detect what characteristics of blood flow? 41. In the sagittal plane, what artery passes posterior to the neck of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process of the pancreas? **[SMA]** 42. What vessel is seen coursing between the aorta and the SMA in the transverse plane? 43. What factors make a person at high risk for developing an Aortic Aneurysm? 44. What are the 3 predisposing factors for developing an Aortic aneurysm? 49. Which is the most common location of an aortic aneurysm? **Infrarenal** 53. What makes a patient more likely to develop an aortic dissection? (at high risk) 61\. List the clinical signs of Renal vein obstruction: **Flank pain, hematuria, flank mass, proteinuria, maybe associated with maternal diabetes and transient HTN** 62\. What are the sites of spontaneous shunting that naturally decompress portal hypertension? **Gastroesophageal, paraumbilical vein, hemorrhoidal anastomoses, retroperitoneal anastomoses** 63\. The hepatic veins originate in the **Liver** & drain into the **IVC**