C180 Practice Quizzes PDF

C180 Practice Quizzes Section 1: Foundations The primary goal of structuralism was to a) determine how particular sensations occur at the same time * b) study the unconscious mind c) investigate the causes of behavior d) focus on the adaptiveness of behavior What is the definition of psycholo...

C180 Practice Quizzes Section 1: Foundations The primary goal of structuralism was to a) determine how particular sensations occur at the same time * b) study the unconscious mind c) investigate the causes of behavior d) focus on the adaptiveness of behavior What is the definition of psychology? a) the scientific study of behavior b) the scientific study of the mind and behavior * c) the scientific study of the mind d) none of the above The first school of psychological thought was a) functionalism b) behaviorism c) philosophy d) structuralism * The primary goal of functionalism was to a) determine how particular sensations occur at the same time b) investigate the causes of behavior c) study the unconscious mind d) focus on the adaptiveness of behavior * The phrase, "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" goes with which school of psychology? a) behaviorism b) structuralism c) gestalt * d) psychoanalysis The individual associated with the field of psychoanalysis is a) Sigmund Freud * b) Wilhelm Wundt c) William James d) BF Skinner Which of the following is the top need in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? a) cognitive needs b) safety needs c) self-actualization needs * d) physiological needs Which school of psychology focuses on storing and processing information similarly to how a computer functions? a) evolutionary psychology b) humanistic psychology c) gestalt psychology d) cognitive psychology * Which of the following professionals earns a medical degree (MD)? a) clinical psychologist b) counseling psychologist c) psychiatric nurse d) psychiatrist * The research method used when you are watching people in their real-life environment is called a) experiment b) naturalistic observation * c) case study d) experiment Which of the following is an example of a positive correlation? a) The more I study, the higher my exam score * b) The more I sleep, the less tired I feel c) The more I exercise, the less I weigh d) The more it rains, the fewer birds I see in my yard A group of patients are randomly assigned to groups in which they receive different amounts of an experimental drug to treat anxiety. Anxiety levels are measured afterwards. Which statement below is true? a) Anxiety levels are the dependent variable. * b) Anxiety is the independent variable c) Medication is the dependent variable. d) None of the above statements are true. The last step of the Scientific Method is a) Share the results * b) Test your hypothesis c) Analyze and conclude d) Research What is a hypothesis? a) A statement of how we will analyze data b) A statement of theory c) An educated guess d) A prediction * Which of the following is NOT true when conducting research? a) Participant data is confidential. b) Informed Consent forms provide details about participation. c) Participants can leave a study at any time. d) Participants must finish any study they begin. * The goal of Institutional Review Boards in research is to a) make sure participants feel no unnecessary harm * b) analyze data for researchers c) collect data for researchers d) help researchers plan their studies Section 2: Biological Perspectives The part of the neuron that houses the nucleus is called the a) dendrite b) cell body * c) axon d) terminal button The neurotransmitter associated with motivation, reward, and movement is a) dopamine * b) glutamate c) serotonin d) GABA The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up the a) central nervous system b) autonomic nervous system * c) parietal nervous system d) skeletal nervous system The lobe of the brain that processes visual information is the a) temporal lobe b) frontal lobe c) parietal lobe d) occipital lobe * The lobe of the brain that processes somatosensory information is the a) occipital lobe b) parietal lobe * c) temporal lobe d) frontal lobe The part of the brain that routes sensory signals to the appropriate area within the brain and aids in controlling sleep and attention is the a) hypothalamus b) hippocampus c) amygdala d) thalamus * The part of the brain that converts short-term memories into long-term memories is the a) hippocampus * b) amygdala c) hypothalamus d) thalamus Phineas Gage was injured in a accident that sent a metal bar through the front part of his head. Afterwards, he became less organized in his thinking and lost self- control. What lobe of the brain was injured in this accident? a) parietal b) temporal c) frontal * d) occipital The part of the brain concerned with physical coordination and paying attention is the a) hippocampus b) cerebellum * c) thalamus d) amygdala The master gland that controls all other glands in the endocrine system is called the a) pituitary gland * b) pons c) hypothalamus d) pineal gland Sexual hormones for men are called a) estrogens b) gonadotropins c) androgens * d) GABA When we are experiencing stress, what hormone is released? a) androgen b) testosterone c) estrogen d) cortisol * If you touch a hot plate, your hand will reflexively jerk away from it. What type of neuron causes this to happen? a) spinal cord cell b) sensory neurons * c) interneurons d) motor neurons Sarah is encouraging her youngest daughter to try broccoli for the first time. Her oldest daughter says, "Ew gross! It tastes like grass!" The youngest tries it and says, "It does taste like grass, and I don't like it!" What is this an example of? a) top-down processing * b) bottom-up processing c) altered perception d) misinformation effect The part of the brain that receives sensory information about smell is the a) thalamus b) olfactory bulb * c) amygdala d) limbic system The smallest amount of stimulation needed to detect that the stimulus is present is called the a) relative threshold b) cocktail party phenomenon c) absolute threshold * d) threshold point When you are surrounded by several ongoing conversations, you are typically able to focus on the one in which you are involved, unless someone says your name. At this point, your attention is oriented to that. What is this called? a) threshold point b) relative threshold c) absolute threshold d) cocktail party phenomenon * The gap between two neurons where the neurotransmitter is released is called the a) axon b) terminal button c) synapse * d) dendrite Section 3: Theories of Memory In Pavlov's original study, the Unconditioned Stimulus was a) food * b) tone c) lab technician d) salivation In the infamous Little Albert study conducted by Watson and Raynor, the Conditioned Stimulus was a) loud noise b) fear c) white rat * d) white rabbit Stimulus generalization occurs when a) someone is able to differentiate between conditioned stimuli b) someone reacts the same to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus * c) someone is able to differentiate between unconditioned stimuli d) a fear reaction is learned In operant conditioning, to increase a behavior, we should a) ignore the behavior b) reinforce the behavior * c) punish the behavior d) observe the behavior Jacob broke his curfew and his parents took his car keys away for 2 weeks. What is this an example of? a) negative punishment * b) positive punishment c) positive reinforcement d) negative reinforcement Lila chooses to do her grocery shopping during the early morning hours to avoid large crowds. What is this an example of? a) positive reinforcement b) negative reinforcement * c) negative punishment d) positive punishment Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer? a) orange juice * b) praise from your supervisor c) money d) receiving a bonus for superior work During the initial shaping of a behavior, we use _________ reinforcement. a) contingent b) delayed c) continuous * d) partial Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? a) A child gets stung by a bee and then develops a fear of all flying insects. * b) Dr. Skinner rewards the pigeon each time it gets closer to pushing the lever for food. c) A man eats a ham sandwich and gets sick, but continues to eat ham sandwiches. d) Little Albert was able to determine that the white rat caused more fear in him than the white rabbit. The cat always comes into the kitchen when she hears the cupboard door open because she knows that's where her food is stored. In this example, the sound of the cupboard door opening is the a) Unconditioned Response b) Unconditioned Stimulus c) Conditioned Response d) Conditioned Stimulus * Memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance are called a) semantic memories b) episodic memories * c) implicit memories d) flashbulb memories Memories that are unconscious and cannot be voluntarily accessed in long-term memory and sent to short-term memory are called a) semantic memories b) implicit memories * c) flashbulb memories d) episodic memories This occurs when performing a task predisposes you to perform the same or a similar task more easily in the future a) implicit memory b) skill-building c) priming * d) habituation We can hold 7 +/- 2 items in which level of memory? a) short-term memory * b) long-term memory c) working memory d) sensory memory The part of working memory that transforms and interprets information to help you plan, reason, or solve a problem is the a) visual-spatial short-term memory b) short-term memory operator c) verbal short-term memory d) central executive * When remembering items on a list in order, we tend to remember the beginning and ending items on the list. What is this called? a) recency effect b) encoding failure c) primacy effect d) serial-position effect * To assess recognition memory, you might use which type of test question? a) essay b) fill in the blank c) multiple choice * d) short answer  Section 4: Personality Development and Social Psychology According to Freud, the part of our personality that operates on the pleasure principle is the a) ego b) unconscious c) id * d) superego According to Freud, the part of our personality that houses our sense of right and wrong is the a) unconscious b) ego c) id d) superego * In Freud's theory of personality, the stage in which children learn toilet training is called a) anal * b) genital c) oral d) phallic The person who created client-centered therapy was a) Sigmund Freud b) Abraham Maslow c) Hans Eysenck d) Carl Rogers * Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of Freud's theory of personality? a) Freud's theory is a product of his time. b) Freud's ideas about personality were vague and imprecise. c) Freud's theory does not generalize well to all persons. d) Freud's theory is highly testable. * In the Big Five personality theory, the trait most associated with anxiety, hostility, and depression is a) neuroticism * b) openness c) agreeableness d) conscientiousness Which of the following traits make up Hans Eysenck's trait theory of personality? a) extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness b) introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism c) extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism * d) extraversion, conscientiousness, and psychoticism According to Buss and Plomin, temperament includes which of the following dimensions? a) neuroticism b) irritability c) emotionality * d) regulation Social role theory states that there are differences in how we socialize boys and girls, which can lead to differences in personality. What is a common gender difference we observe? a) Girls are taught to be nurturing while boys are taught to be assertive. * b) Both boys and girls are taught that winning in life is very important. c) Both boys and girls are taught to be assertive. d) Girls tend to talk more than boys in school classrooms. In Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study, he found that children who watched an adult model attack the Bobo doll did what? a) They played with the doll gently. b) They refused to play with the doll at all. c) They imitated the adult model and attacked the doll. * d) They were afraid of the doll and they ran from the room People who have an internal locus of control are more likely to see a) control over events as coming from within themselves. * b) expectations from others as being unfair. c) control over events as coming from outside forces. d) ambiguity in what controls events. Our belief in our ability to change or perform behaviors previously viewed as difficult is called a) self-efficacy * b) perseverance c) self-persistence d) self-esteem Attitudes contain 3 components: affective, behavioral and _____. a) expectations b) cognitive * c) feelings d) bias When we engage in behaviors that run counter to our attitudes, we may experience feelings of a) self doubt b) discomfort c) cognitive dissonance * d) disgust A negative attitude towards a group of people is called _______ while negative behavior towards a group of people is called _______. a) discrimination; prejudice b) stereotype; discrimination c) stereotype; prejudice d) prejudice; discrimination * According to _____, prejudice exists because of competition for a perceived scarcity of resources, like jobs and housing. a) realistic conflict theory * b) mere exposure effect c) cognitive dissonance d) just world hypothesis Matt works as an emergency room (ER) nurse at the local hospital. He usually spends his break time with other ER nurses and doesn't really like to spend time with the other nurses in different departments. What might this be an example of? a) realistic conflict theory b) ingroup bias * c) social exchange theory d) fundamental attribution error The fear that others will see us as having characteristics associated with a negative stereotype is called what? a) just world hypothesis b) prejudice c) realistic conflict theory d) stereotype threat * According to attribution theory, attributions that explain a person's behavior in terms of that person's beliefs, goals, traits, or other characteristics is called a) self-concept b) internal attributions * c) stereotype threat d) external attributions A person is asking for money on the side of an interstate off-ramp. As we pull up beside them, our passenger says, "Don't give him any money, he needs to get a job." Your passenger may be committing what error? a) cognitive dissonance b) self-serving error c) fundamental attribution error* d) stereotype threat According to ______ theory, relationships involve the trading of benefits and costs, and if the balance isn't right, the relationship will feel like it's going poorly. a) passionate love b) social comparison c) compassionate love d) social exchange * Sternberg's triangular model of love includes which 3 types? a) passionate love, compassionate love, and commitment b) intimacy, passion, and commitment * c) intimacy, attraction, and passion d) liking, infatuation, and intimacy Stanley Milgram found that people are more willing to harm others if a) their victims are in the same room with them. b) a perceived authority figure tells them to do so. * c) their victims loudly protest. d) they've met them only one time beforehand. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of groupthink? a) The group leader is shielded from dissent within the group. b) Perception that the group is invincible. c) Belief that the group is morally correct. d) Allowing all group members to participate. * The tendency for people in groups to not provide help to strangers is called a) self-serving bias b) the bystander effect * c) the fundamental attribution error d) d) social loafing Rosario gives to charity each month anonymously. In fact, she doesn't want any recognition for her donations. What is this an example of? a) group facilitation b) altruism * c) bystander effect d) social facilitation Section 5: Psychological Disorders and Therapies According to the text, there are three central factors that must be included when defining a psychological disorder. Which of the following is not one of these factors? a) distress b) risk of harm c) application* d) impairment For the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder, the individual must exhibit symptoms for a minimum of how long? a) two years b) two days c) two hours d) two weeks* Katie has been feeling abnormally elevated and euphoric for the last 10 days. She is starting conversations with total strangers, attempting to create elaborate plans with them. Which of the following diagnoses best matches Katie’s symptoms? a) obsessive-compulsive disorder b) manic episode* c) generalized anxiety disorder d) schizophrenia Which of the following could be considered a possible negative symptom of schizophrenia? a) frequent shouting b) minimal movement * c) delusions d) hallucinations Richard is plagued with the thought that someone might break into his home, so he continuously checks to make sure the front door is locked numerous times per day. He has recently been diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) by his therapist. Which of the follow could be considered Richard’s compulsion? a) lock checking* b) an intruder c) worry d) a break-in ____________ is a potentially fatal eating disorder characterized by significantly low weight, along with a persistent fear of gaining weight and distorted body image. a) bulimia nervosa b) generalized nervosa c) anorexia nervosa * d) overeating disorder Madeline has a strong history of unstable relationships. She has a tendency to rapidly swing from idealizing the other person to devaluing them. When the relationship ends, she often fantasizes about cutting herself during the evenings. Her symptoms best describe which diagnosis? a) borderline personality disorder * b) schizotypal personality disorder c) histrionic personality disorder d) dependent personality disorder Psychologists will examine the three levels of analysis when differentiating between a diagnosis rather than the regular ups and downs of life. Which of the following is NOT one of these three levels of analysis? a) brain b) group c) stress * d) person According to the diathesis-stress model, there is typically both a predisposition to the disorder (a diathesis) and specific factors (stress) that combine to trigger the onset of the disorder. Which of the following could be considered a possible diathesis? a) genes * b) abuse c) divorce d) physical stress Catherine is working with her therapist to understand the psychological causes of her anxiety through deeply felt personal insights. She is starting to realize that her parent’s divorce affected her more than she realized. She is likely making these gains through: a) cultural model b) behavioral therapy c) exposure therapy d) insight-oriented therapy * Caleb has autism and works with his therapist several times per week to target his self-harming behaviors. His therapist rewards his positive attempts to deal with stress, and also talks through his thought processes from immediately before these symptoms occurred. His therapist is using this approach: a) behavioral b) humanistic c) psychopharmacological d) cognitive-behavioral * Exposure therapy is commonly used to treat anxiety disorders by helping make the feared stimulus lose its intensity. With ________ exposure, a person might imagine a feared spider in their mind to desensitize it, whereas with ___________ exposure they might look at or touch a spider. a) virtual reality, augmented reality b) imaginal, in vivo * c) augmented reality, in vivo d) imaginal, augmented reality Karen’s therapist has suggested that she keep a log of every time she experiences a nervous tic. She is instructed to write when she noticed the tic occur and what happened immediately before and after it happened. They will review this log next week and begin to develop ideas for behavior modification. They are using which kind of technique? a) self-monitoring * b) dichotomous thinking c) reinforcement and punishment d) exposure Most therapists today do not necessarily utilize a single technique based on a single approach, instead they will use a variety of approaches and techniques to help their individual clients. What is this called? a) eclectic * b) duality c) bi-lateral d) self-help Different pharmaceuticals can be used to help treat different disorders. The _______ class of medications might be best for a patient for a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia, whereas _____ might be best for a patient with depression. a) SSRIs, benzodiazepines b) antipsychotics, benzodiazepines c) antipsychotics, SSRIs * d) ECT, EDMR Sometimes when medications haven’t improved a patient’s symptoms, clinicians might try activating the brain or regions of the brain through magnetic impulses. This is called: a) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) * b) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) c) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) d) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT Phil is having issues with grief and is feeling very down. He decides to see a therapist, but he is concerned that he will be seen as weak. His friend, Liz, encourages him to see a therapist that promotes unconditional positive regard and a nonjudgmental approach. What type of therapy is she suggesting? a) cognitive therapy b) behavioral therapy c) humanistic therapy * d) psychoanalytic therapy Both SSRIs and SNRIs target neurotransmitters associated with adjusting levels of arousal. These types of drugs are commonly prescribed antidepressants. Which neurotransmitter do SNRIs target? a) serotonin b) GABA c) norepinephrine * d) dopamine