Byzantine Empire to Medieval Period PDF

Byzantine EMPIRE  “The Byzantine Empire was a vast BYZANTINE EMPIRE and powerful civilization with origins that can be traced to A.D. 330, when the Roman emperor Constantine I dedicated a ‘New Rome’ on the site o...

Byzantine EMPIRE  “The Byzantine Empire was a vast BYZANTINE EMPIRE and powerful civilization with origins that can be traced to A.D. 330, when the Roman emperor Constantine I dedicated a ‘New Rome’ on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium. Though the western half o the Roman Empire crumbled and fell in A.D. 476, the eastern half survived for 1,000 more years, spawning a rich tradition of art, literature and learning and serving as a military buffer between Europe and Asia. The Byzantine Empire finally fell in 1453, after an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople during the reign of Constantine XI.”  NOTABLE BYZANTINE EMPERORS ▪ Title: Augustus, later Basileus ▪ Functions - commander-in- chief - head of the government - head of the Church (caesaropapism) - controlled state finances ▪ Defeated Emperors Maxentius ▪ Convened the First Council (Battle of the Milvian Bridge) ▪ Codified Roman Law of Constantinople (Second and Licinius Ecumenical Council) (Corpus Juris Civilis) ▪ Ended the Tetrarchy ▪ Introduced the solidus ▪ Issued the edict of ▪ Reconquered of ▪ Issued the Edict of Milan Thessalonica (Christianity former Roman (together with Emperor vs. Arianism) Licinius) ▪ Last emperor to rule the territories ▪ Convened the First Council of whole Roman Empire ▪ Built the Hagia Nicaea (First Ecumenical Council (Arcadius (e) & Honorius (w) Sophia BATTLE OF THE MILVIAN BRIDGE St. Helena finding the True Cross I believe in one God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible. I believe in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Only Begotten Son of God, born of the Father before all ages. God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, consubstantial with the Father; through him all things were made. For us men and for our salvation He came down from heaven, and by the Holy Spirit was incarnate of the Virgin Mary, and became man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate, he suffered death and was buried, and rose again on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures. He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead and his kingdom will have no end. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father [and the Son], who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified, who has spoken through the prophets. I believe in one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church. I confess one Baptism for the forgiveness of sins and I look forward to the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come. Amen. NOTABLE BYZANTINE EMPERORS ▪ Formed the Varangian ▪ Recovered Byzantine ▪ Last Byzantine emperor Guard territories from the ▪ Defeated by Mehmed ▪ Conquered Bulgaria, Normans and Seljuk the Conqueror and the Mesopotamia, Georgia Turks Ottomans Crimea, and Armenia ▪ Byzantine emperor ▪ Became known as during the First Boulgaroktonos (Bulgar Crusade Slayer) BYZANTINE RELIGION MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BYZANTINE AND ROMAN CHURCHES BYZANTINE ART BASILICA OF SAN VITALE BYZANTINE ART BASILICA OF SAN VITALE  BYZANTINE ART HAGIA SOPHIA (The Virgin and the HAGIA SOPHIA (Christ Pantocrator) Child) BYZANTINE ART HAGIA SOPHIA  FALL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE The Mongol Empire […] was founded by Genghis Khan, first Great Khan or ‘universal ruler’ of the Mongol peoples. Genghis forged the empire by uniting nomadic tribes of the Asian steppe and creating a devastatingly effective army with fast, light, and highly coordinated cavalry. Eventually, the empire dominated Asia from the Black Sea to the Korean peninsula. Temujin united the Genghis Khan annexed Genghis Mongol tribes and Qara Khitai Khan was named Genghis died in Khan / China Chinggis Khan Genghis Khan attacked and Genghis Khan conquered conquered northern China Transoxiana, Khorasan, (Western Xia and and the Khwarazmian Jin dynasties) Empire  ÖGEDEI KHAN GÜYÜK KHAN MÖNGKE KHAN ▪ 3rd son of Genghis Khan ▪ Eldest son of Ögedei ▪ Genghis Khan’s ▪ Named Karakorum as the capital of the empire Khan grandson through ▪ Fully conquered Jin dynasty ▪ Favored Christian Tolui (China) advisers ▪ Conquered Syria, Iraq, ▪ Attacked Goryeo ▪ Attacked and sacked the ▪ Served only for 2 and Dali (China) Bulgars, Rus (Kiev), Poles years ▪ Died without a (Krakow), and the Hungarians declared successor (Buda & Pest)  NAME OF KHANATE FIRST KHAN CAUSE OF DECLINE Khanate of the Great Khan / Kublai Khan Rise of the Ming dynasty Yuan Dynasty ▪ Son of Tolui (East Asia) ▪ Conquered the Chinese Song dynasty ▪ Established the Yuan dynasty ▪ Attacked Japan, Vietnam, Burma, and Java Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia) Chagatai Khan ▪ Rise of the Timurid Empire of ▪ Second son of Genghis Khan Timur/Tamerlane ▪ Internal conflicts Ilkhanate (West Asia – Iran, Hulagu Khan ▪ Rise of the Timurid Empire of Iraq, and Turkey) ▪ Son of Tolui Timur/Tamerlane ▪ Black Death ▪ Internal conflicts Golden Horde (Eastern Europe Batu Khan ▪ Rise of the Timurid Empire of and Central Asia) ▪ Grandson of Genghis Khan through Timur/Tamerlane Jochi ▪ Black Death ▪ Internal conflict ▪ Pax Mongolica ▪ Strengthening of the Silk Road (gunpowder, paper, printing, compass-) ▪ Black Death African Empires A KSUM Kingd Om ▪ Location: Eritrea; Ethiopia; Yemen; Sudan ▪ Capital: Aksum ▪ Trade: gold, ivory, myrrh ▪ Culture: - adopted Christianity as a state religion (King Ezana) - built obelisks / stelae - developed the Ge’ez script KING EZANA’S STELA Axum, Ethiopia  Mali Empire ▪ Location: Mali; Senegal; Mauritania; Niger (Niger River ▪ Key Cities: Timbuktu; Gao; Djenné ▪ Notable leaders: Sundiata Keita (Lion King); Mansa Musa ▪ Trade: gold ▪ Religion: Islam “Salt comes from the north, gold from the south, but the word of God and the treasures DJINGUEREBER MOSQUE od wisdom are Timbuktu, Mali only to be found in Timbuktu.”  “The sultan sent to him Mali Empire several complete suits of honour for himself, his courtiers, and all those who had come with him, and saddled and bridled horses for himself and his chief courtiers…. This man flooded Cairo with his benefactions. He left no court emir nor holder of a royal office without the gift of a load of gold. The Cairenes made incalculable profits out of him and his suite in buying and selling and giving and taking. They exchanged gold until they depressed its value in Egypt and caused its price to fall.” … TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE SONGHAI Empire ▪ Location: Mali; Senegal; Mauritania; Niger (niger River ▪ Key Cities: Timbuktu; Gao; Djenné ▪ Notable leaders: Sonni Ali; Askia the Great ▪ Trade: gold ▪ Religion: Islam TOMB OF ASKIA Gao, Mali Great ZIMBABWE ▪ Location: Bostwana; Zimbabwe; Mozambique (Zambezi River and Limpopo River) ▪ Ethnic Group: Shona tribe ▪ Trade: gold, cattle GREAT ZIMBABWE Masvingo, Zimbabwe  Islamic Caliphates  THE 5 PILLARS The Beginning of Islam OF ISLAM ▪ Shahada Muhammad was Muhammad ▪ Salat visited by the returned to ▪ Zakat angel Gabriel in Mecca and ▪ Sawm the Hira cave, rededicated the near Mecca. Kaaba to Allah. ▪ Hajj ▪ Jihad THE 4 CALIPHS REASONS FOR ▪ Abu Bakr MUSLIM EXPANSION After being Muhammad (ISLAMIC persecuted at died without ▪ Umar CONQUESTS) Mecca, ▪ Uthman Muhammad naming a ▪ Religious zeal moved to Medina successor ▪ Ali and belief (Hijrah/Hegira). (caliph). ▪ Economic and political motive ▪ Unification of Muslims  Rashidun Caliphate ABU BAKR UMAR UTHMAN ALI ▪ Closest companion, ▪ Father-in-law ▪ Son-in-law (through ▪ Cousin & son-in-law father-in-law (through (through Hafsa) of Ruqayyah & Kulthum) (through Fatima) of Aisha) & successor of Muhammad of Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad ▪ Conquered Egypt, ▪ Standardized the ▪ “First Imam” ▪ Recognized by Sunni Syria, Levant, Quran ▪ Recognized by Shia Muslims as the Mesopotamia and ▪ Expanded Muslim Muslims as the rightful successor of Persia territories in Persia, rightful successor of the Prophet ▪ Introduced Armenia, Rhodes and the Prophet ▪ United the whole of administrative Cyprus the Arabian Peninsula reforms ▪ Assassinated by ▪ Assassinated by Lu’lu rebels Rashidun Caliphate  The Succeeding Caliphates NAME OF FOUNDER CHARACTERISTICS CALIPHATE ▪ 2nd and largest caliphate in terms of territories Umayyad ▪ Conquered the Maghreb, the Iberian, and parts of Central Mu’awiyah I Caliphate Asia and South Asia ▪ Capital: Damascus ▪ 3rd caliphate ▪ Established by the descendants of Abbas ibn Abd al Abbasid Muttalib Al-Mansur Caliphate ▪ Capital: Baghdad ▪ “The Golden Age of Islam” ▪ Ended by the Mongol invasion led by Hulagu Khan ▪ The only major Shia caliphate Fatimid Al-Mahdi bi ▪ Capital: Cairo Caliphate Ilah ▪ Established by the descendants of Fatima and Ali ▪ Controlled territories in North Africa and West Asia Medieval Period The Medieval Period FALL OF WESTERN MIDDLE RENAISSANCE ROMAN PERIOD EMPIRE AGES  MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE The Medieval Period MEDIEVAL PERIOD Medieval Medieval people are people are flat- unhygienic. earthers. Medieval The societies are Medieval homogenous and period was provincial. a dark age. The Catholic Church ROLES/FUNCTIONS OF THE CHURCH ▪ Spiritual authority - indulgence ▪ Center for education ▪ Preservation of ancient texts ▪ Patron of artworks - illuminated manuscripts - frescoes - stained glass - cathedrals and churches ▪ Political and economic power - excommunication - lands and tithes ▪ Cultural, social, and missionary leaders  MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY Holy Roman Empire CHARLEMAGNE CHARLES MARTEL ROTRUDE OF HESBAYE (Mayor of the Palace) ▪ King of the Franks PEPIN THE SHORT BERTRADA OF LAON ▪ Considered as HILDEGARD CHARLEMAGNE 1st Holy Roman Emperor / LOUIS THE PIOUS Carolingian Emperor ▪ Father of LOTHAIR I Europe PEPIN I* ▪ Conqueror of the Lombards, LOUIS THE GERMAN Avars, CHARLES THE BALD Bavarians, and Saxons CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY Holy Roman Empire BATTLE OF TOURS  CORONATION OF CHARLEMAGNE BY Holy Roman Empire POPE LEO III  CORONATION OF CHARLEMAGNE BY Holy Roman Empire POPE LEO III Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire TREATY OF VERDUN  LOTHAIR II Holy Roman Empire ▪ Lotharingia ▪ His son was CHARLES II declared illegitimate ▪ Kingdoms of ▪ His kingdom was Burgundy and divided between Provence his uncles ▪ Died w/o an heir ▪ His kingdom were LOUIS II divided between his brothers ▪ Kingdom of Italy ▪ Died w/o sons CHARLES THE FAT ▪ Named his cousin Carloman of ▪ Successor of Louis Bavaria (son of the German, Louis the German) Carloman of Bavaria, as heir and Carloman II ▪ His kingdom was (West Francia) awarded by Pope ▪ The re-united John VII to Charles kingdoms of Francia the Bald, but was lasted only until his deposition TREATY OF PRÜM later invaded by Carloman  CORONATION OF OTTO THE GREAT BY Holy Roman Empire POPE JOHN XII OTTO THE GREAT ▪ Considered as the 1st true Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Empire  ▪ FIEF. a unit of land distributed Feudal Society ▪ by a lord to a vassal FEUDALISM. relationship between lords and vassals ▪ MANORIALISM. Relationship between lords and peasants  The Black Death The Black Death was a devastating [pandemic] of bubonic plague (Yersina pestis) that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. People gathered on the docks were met with a horrifying surprise: Most sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those still alive were gravely ill and covered in black boils that oozed blood and pus. Sicilian authorities hastily ordered the fleet of “death ships” out of the harbor, but it was too late: Over the next five years, the Black Death would kill more than 20 million people in Europe— almost one-third of the continent’s population. Arts & Architecture GIOTTO DI BONDONE Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ) Arts & Architecture Wilton Diptych Arts & Architecture The Book of Kells Arts & Architecture Chartres Cathedral Stained Glass Window Arts & Architecture NOTRE-DAME CATHEDRAL Paris, France  CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL Arts & Architecture Canterbury, UK Arts & Architecture MONT-SAINT-MICHEL Normandy, France  The Crusades FIRST CRUSADE (Princes’ Crusade; People’s Crusade) NOTABLE NOTABLE CHRISTIAN MUSLIM GOAL SIGNIFICANT EVENT/S LEADERS LEADERS ▪ Pope Urban ▪ Sultan Kilij To recapture ▪ Council of Clermont II Arslan I the Holy ▪ Battle of Civetot ▪ Emperor Land from ▪ Leaders of the Alexius I Muslim Princes’ Crusade ▪ Raymond (Seljuk Turks (except Bohemond) of Saint- and Fatimids) swore an oath of Gilles control loyalty to Alexius I ▪ Godfrey of ▪ Siege of Nicea Bouillon ▪ Siege of Antioch ▪ Hugh of ▪ Fall of Jerusalem Vermandois ▪ Creation of Crusader ▪ Bohemond States of Taranto ▪ Peter the Hermit  The Crusades SECOND CRUSADE NOTABLE CHRISTIAN NOTABLE MUSLIM GOAL SIGNIFICANT EVENT/S LEADERS LEADERS ▪ King Louis VII ▪ Zangi To regain territories ▪ Fall of Edessa (France) ▪ Nur al-Din loss to the Muslims ▪ Battle of Dorylaeun ▪ Emeperor Conrad ▪ Siege of Damascus III (HRE) THIRD CRUSADE (Kings’ Crusade) NOTABLE CHRISTIAN NOTABLE MUSLIM GOAL SIGNIFICANT EVENT/S LEADERS LEADERS ▪ Emperor ▪ Nur al-Din To regain territories ▪ Siege of Cairo Frederick ▪ Shirkuh loss to the Muslims ▪ Battle of Hatin Barbarossa (HRE) ▪ Saladin ▪ Battle of Arsuf ▪ King Philip II ▪ Treaty of Jaffa (France) ▪ King Richard the Lionheart (England)  The Crusades FOURTH CRUSADE NOTABLE CHRISTIAN NOTABLE MUSLIM GOAL SIGNIFICANT EVENT/S LEADERS LEADERS ▪ Pope Innocent III To regain territories ▪ Toppling of Emperor Alexius IV loss to the Muslims ▪ Sack of Constantinople OTHER CRUSADES GOAL SIGNIFICANT EVENT/S FIFTH CRUSADE To regain territories loss ▪ Organized by Pope Innocent III to the Muslims ▪ Crusaders surrendered to Al Malik al- Kamil (Egypt) SIXTH CRUSADE ▪ HR Emperor Frederick II negotiated for a 10-year Crusader control of Jerusalem SEVENTH CRUSADE ▪ Organized by King Louis IX (France) EIGHT CRUSADE ▪ Organized by Edward I (England) against the Mamluk Muslims CHILDREN’S CRUSADE ▪ Organized by Stephen of Cloyes and Nicholas of Cologne  Mabbalo! MabbalO! Mabbalo! Mabbalo! Here ends our academic journey this semester. ! Good luck with the next chapter of your life.