Middle Ages Dentistry PDF

Middle Ages Middle Ages: Context In the history of Europe, it is the period from 476 CE to late XV century (From the collapse of the Roman Empire to the Age of Discovery) Middle Ages: Context It is also the period that gave rise to most art memes :-) Middle Ages: Context 1. Eastern Roman Empi...

Middle Ages Middle Ages: Context In the history of Europe, it is the period from 476 CE to late XV century (From the collapse of the Roman Empire to the Age of Discovery) Middle Ages: Context It is also the period that gave rise to most art memes :-) Middle Ages: Context 1. Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire. 2. 3. Islamic world Hispano-Arabic Era 4. Late Middle Ages in Spain 5. Middle Ages in the West Middle Ages: Byzantine empire Middle Ages: Byzantine empire KNOWLEDGE à There are no advances regarding scientific or medical thought. The main contribution was to preserve languaje and Greek+Roman scientific production. à Hippocratic-Galenic tradition. Medical EDUCATION à Stoa Real. Trainees receive theoretical and practical training. A diploma after examination is required for their practice (Symbolom). Medical ASSISTANCE à Hospitals > Stoa Real from Attalos Middle Ages: Byzantine empire Relevant figures Oribasius (320-403) Major contributions: · Medical collections. Pathological and clincal anatomy, and therapeutics. · Synopsis. Anatomy compendium. · Euporistas. Therapeutical manual Alexander of Tralles (525-605) Major contribution: · Twelve Books on Medicine. Avoid the use of forceps. Recommendation to apply a preparation in order to swell the gum and weaken the tooth. Middle Ages: Byzantine empire Relevant figures Paul of Aegina (625-690) Major contribution: · Epitome (or Medical Compendium in Seven Books). à Difference between epulis and phlegmon (abscess). à Filling of the cavity, prior to extraction. à Filing of teeth and removal of tartar. à Recommended continued dental hygiene (with a focus on night hygiene) Middle Ages: Islamic world Middle Ages: Islamic world Medical EDUCATION à Madrasa (lit. place to study): Next to or inside the mosque. à Based on collective learning: · Reading and commenting on texts. · Practical training alongside the patient. · Ethical and deontological education. · Regulated practice (licensing from 931 CE). à Translation of Classical medical knowledge into arab. Middle Ages: Islamic world Medical ASSISTANCE à Bimaristan (lit. place of the sick) Mobile (7th century) à Permanent hospitals (8th century). Associated with charitable principles contained in the Qur'an, they incorporated caring and teaching objectives (linked to Madrassas). · Teaching and treatment for all · Hygiene > Reconstruction of the Nasrid Bimaristan of Granada, in Spain (former al-Andalus). Middle Ages: Islamic world Medical THERAPEUTICS Empiricist à Galenic (along with the classical medical corpus translation): Dietetics, Farmacopeia (plant-based) and Surgery. Middle Ages: Islamic world Relevant figures: Razes Al Razi (Razes) 865 – 925 Major contribution: Kitab al-Hawi fi al-Tibb (translated to latin in the 13th century as Liber continens) (compilation of previous knowledge from 7th to 10th century + comments and observations). à Dental anatomy and mandibular mechanism. à Use of cautery and boiling oil to treat tooth decay. à Rejects extraction, recommending, if required, to use arsenic around teeth to loosen them. à Therapeutical remedies of dubious usefulness. Middle Ages: Islamic world Relevant figures: Haly Abbas Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas) 949982/994 Major contribution: al-Maliki (translated as The Royal Book). The first half deals with theories behind medical treatment. The second with treatments. à Psychosomatic approach à Recommendation of cauterization with incandescent needles for pain management and extraction as the last option. Middle Ages: Islamic world Relevant figures: Avicena Ibn Sina (Avicena) 980-1037 Major contribution: Qanun-e dâr Tâb (translated as The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia). Little mention to dentistry. à Hygiene à Toothworm theory à Use of files to reduce tooth height and arsenic for fistulas/ulcers in gums. à Mandibular fractures (evaluation of treatment by means of relative position of the teeth). Middle Ages: Islamic world Middle Ages: Hispano-Arabic dentistry Middle Ages: Hispano-Arabic dentistry The period was particularly prominent in the field of surgery, being a link between Greco-Roman medical knowledge and the scholastic medicine of the late Middle Ages (9th and 10th century). Three key figures: Abulcasis, Avenzoar and Averroes Middle Ages: Hispano-Arabic dentistry Relevant figures: Abulcasis Abū ’l Qāsim Khalaf ibn ‘Abbās al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis) c. 920 – c.1013 Major contribution: Kitàb al-Tasrîf (translated as The Method of Medicine, a medical-surgical encyclopedia). West classical era influence + exhibition of abundant iconography of surgical material. Middle Ages: Hispano-Arabic dentistry Relevant figures: Abulcasis Kitab al-Tasrif (original and later copies) Middle Ages: Hispano-Arabic dentistry Relevant figures: Abulcasis Kitàb al-Tasrîf (translated as The Method of Medicine). à Ergonomic introduction (need for the patient's posture for the professional's work). Book XXX (30, the last), entitled 'The Surgery' is divided into 3 parts: 1. Use of the cautery · Lip fissures · Softened gums and teeth ·Dental pain 2. Use of cutting instruments: 16 instruments for dental cleaning. 3. Dislocations and fractures: Phrenicectomy techniques, ranula removal and dental immobilization with gold threads (trauma). Middle Ages: Hispano-Arabic dentistry Relevant figures: Abulcasis About ergonomics and tartar removal ..."sometimes on the surface of the teeth both outside and inside, as well as under the gums, rough scales of ugly appearance, black, green or yellow colors, are deposited; Then this corruption is communicated to the gums and the teeth enter a process of unprotection. It is necessary to lie the patient with his head between the legs and scratch the teeth and molars in which true incrustations are observed, or something similar to sand and continue until there is nothing left of these substances and the dirty color of the teeth has disappeared, black, green, yellowish or any other color. If the first scratching is enough, better than better; If not, it should be repeated the next day and until a third and fourth day, until the desired purpose is obtained"... Middle Ages: Hispano-Arabic dentistry Relevant figures: Abulcasis About the importance of teeth and professionalism "Since it is a very noble organ, whose possession cannot in any case be perfectly replaced“ ..."It is necessary to detach the gum from the molar, around its perimeter with a sufficiently strong scalpel; Then either with the fingers or with a couple of light forceps the tooth should be shaken carefully until it loosens. Then the surgeon, holding the patient's head firmly between his knees, must apply a couple of stronger forceps and extract the tooth vertically so as not to break it... When it is corroded and empty, it is necessary to fill the cavity with thread compressing it forcefully inside with the tip of a probe, so that the molar does not break under the pressure of the instrument ... It is necessary, therefore, to avoid acting like the ignorant and crazy barbers, who in their recklessness do not observe any of the rules mentioned above, and often cause serious injuries to the patient, the least of these being the breakage of the tooth, leaving the root in its lodging or the removal together with the tooth of a part of the maxillary bone, as the author has often ascertained"... Middle Ages: Hispano-Arabic dentistry Relevant figures: Averroes Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 1126-1198 Major contribution: Colliget or ‘Generalities’. Nomenclature of some teeth: - Central incisors (duals) - Lateral incisors (quadrangals) - Canines (canaliculars) - Premolars and molars (molars) Late Middle Ages: Spanish dentistry Late Middle Ages: Spanish dentistry Relevant figures Arnau de Vilanova 1240-1311 Major contribution: Book of medicine ‘Tesoro de pobres’. Homemade remedies (from Aristotle and Dioscorides) to relieve dental pain and for oral hygiene. Alonso de Chirino 1240-1311 Major contribution: El Menor daño de la medicina. It is written in romance. Hygiene (toothpaste formulas), remedies for ulcers and dental pain. Gómez de Salamanca Major contribution: Compendio de medicina. A medium for the dissemination of various therapeutic remedies. Late Middle Ages: Spanish dentistry Relevant figures: The ‘caxales’. Dental professionals who practised in Barcelona and in the Royal House of Aragon during the 14th and 15th centuries. (Queixal means ‘molar tooth’) Apprenticeship model: caxaler)-Apprentice. Master (Mestre They carried out three types of interventions: 1.- Dental hygiene. Specific instruments (scrapers) + dentifrice powders. 2.- Tooth extractions (pliers and elevators). 3.- Pain treatments. Middle Ages in the West EDUCATION linked to Monasteries à Cathedral schools à Universities. THERAPEUTICS were Empiricist-Rational (Galen): Diet + Herbal remedies + Simple surgery Middle Ages in the West Relevant figures: Bernard de Gordon Bernard de Gordon c. 1270-1330 Major contribution: Lilium medicinae (1285) à Dental pain is caused by external or internal (humors) causes. à Rejects the indiscriminate use of opioids for the treatment of dental pain. à Before extraction, he advises to loosen the tooth and to protect it with wax to prevent it from fracturing. Middle Ages in the West Relevant figures: Guy de Chauliac Guy de Chauliac 1300-1368 Major contribution: Chirugia Magna (1343) Dentistry à Dental anatomy and eruption. à Dental pathologies classification: pain, corrosion, tooth decay and loosening. à Treatment classification: particular (from arabic medical knolwdge) and universal (purging, bleeding, cupping, dental hygiene, gentle toothpaste formulations) treatments. Middle Ages in the West Relevant figures: Guy de Chauliac Guy de Chauliac 1300-1368 Major contribution: Chirugia Magna (1343) Hygiene rules 1. Avoid food that rots quickly. 2. Avoid alternating hot and cold food. 3. Do not bite down on very hard things. 4. Avoid sticky foods such as figs and honey. 5. Avoid certain foods that are bad for teeth. 6. Gently clean teeth with a mixture of honey and salt burnt with a little vinegar. Middle Ages in the West Relevant figures: Guy de Chauliac Guy de Chauliac 1300-1368 Major contribution: Chirugia Magna (1343) Tooth extraction à Barbers/surgeons supervised by a physician. à Use of appropriate instruments is necessary. à Use of opioids for dental surgery (inhalation). Middle Ages in the West Relevant figures: Guy de Chauliac Middle Ages in the West Relevant figures: Guy de Chauliac disciples Pietro d’Argelata. Giovanni Arcolani. Description of the forceps known as ‘pelican’. Gold as obturating material. Giovani da Vigo. ‘Practica copiosa in arte chirurgica’. Hygiene and tooth extraction, use of gold in obturations, psychosocial importance of a healthy denture. Dental pelican with a wooden handle. France, 1550-1750.