BVSc2_ILOs24-25 ILOS only PDF

ILOs published April 2024 Define asepsis Describe the relevance of operating theatre protocol, patient preparation, surgeon preparation, surgical instruments to achieve asepsis Describe the use of prophylactic antimicrobials in the prevention of SSIs (surgical site infections) By the end of this session, students should be able to: List Halstead’s Principles of Surgery Describe how to achieve Halstead’s Principles through appropriate: Incisions Dissections Haemostasis Tissue retraction Tissue handling Lavage and Suction Use of drains Describe the categories and associated properties of suture material, including: Natural vs synthetic Monofilament vs multifilament Absorbable vs non-absorbable Choose an appropriate suture material Describe different needle types and when to choose each Name different suture patterns and describe when to choose each List advantages and disadvantages of using staples Information session Describe basic structure of the UK pig industry Describe main pig products and their derivation Identify the main UK breeds and describe their key characteristics Explain production cycle – selecting breeding pigs, farrowing, lactation, weaning, fattening, dry sows and gilts List key legal management requirements and recommendations Describe good management and care practices for pig production systems indoors and outdoors See ILOs from Pigs 1 Information session Use appropriate directional and locomotor terminology Discuss the form and function of the vertebral column in a clinical context Discuss the function and innervation of the epaxial and hypaxial muscle groups, and the ventral muscles of the neck. Describe the pathways(s) of the facial and trigeminal nerves, with respect to skull features and musculature Discuss structures of the head & face with respect to aural surgery and regional nerve blocks Discuss the arterial supply and venous drainage of the head in a clinical context. Demonstrate where to obtain a pulse and arterial/venous blood samples in the head in a variety of veterinary species Describe the blood supply of the dental arcades and nasal cavity Describe the locations of the lymph nodes and salivary glands of the head and neck and discuss in a clinical context Describe the joints and ligaments of the skull, including the TMJ Discuss the location, drainage, function and clinical relevance of sinuses in the skull Describe the form, function and clinical significance of the guttural pouch Describe the Innervation of the horn and the cornual nerve block for disbudding / dehorning Describe important species differences in skull anatomy Interpret standard diagnostic images of the vertebral column and skull, e.g. X-rays, identifying relevant bony landmarks Define what motivation is and describe simple theoretical models of motivation Explain how motivational theory can be used to understand and address behaviour and welfare problems Discuss the structure of the skeletal system and classification of bones Discuss the simple classification of joints, giving relevant examples of each type Describe the structure of bursae and explain their importance Describe the characteristics of skeletal muscle and the process of contraction Explain the role of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle function and how muscle force is controlled Discuss the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle Explain the function of the vertebral and intervertebral bony, ligamentous and cartilaginous structures Discuss the strap muscles of the ventral neck and their relevance to surgical approaches Describe the function and innervation of the epaxial and hypaxial muscle groups Describe the functions and clinical relevance of the muscles of mastication in the canine and equine Discuss the path of the trigeminal nerve and it's relevance to canine dental work Describe the blood supply to and from the head, including vessels of clinical concern Describe the blood supply of the dental arcades and nasal cavity Describe the locations of the lymph nodes and salivary glands of the head and neck and discuss in a clinical context Identify structures of the head with respect to aural surgery Describe important species differences in soft tissues of the head Describe the paths of the facial and trigeminal nerves, with respect to skull features Describe the joints and ligaments of the skull, including the TMJ Discuss the location, drainage, function and clinical relevance of sinuses in the skull Describe the innervation of the horn with reference to horn disbudding or removal Describe important species differences in skull anatomy Describe the muscles of the synsarcosis and their functions in locomotion Describe the major muscles of the canine proximal forelimb, including the contributions of forelimb extrinsic musculature to the neck Describe the blood supply to the canine forelimb Discuss the similarities and differences between the canine and feline forelimb Describe the major muscles of the canine distal forelimb, their functions and innervations Discuss the ligaments of the carpus, including the antebrachiocarpal joint, with reference to arthrocentesis Describe the locations and functions of the digital pads See CBL Define the keys terms (sterilisation, disinfection) etc as to how they work and what is killed by each method Use appropriate directional and locomotor terminology Demonstrate the safe handling of surgical instruments and describe the material properties of fixed tissue Describe canine forelimb musculature and explain the effects of the individual muscle groups on movement Describe the innervation of forelimb musculature and the consequences of nerve dysfunction Describe the relevant anatomy of blood sampling and IV medication Define the terms: pharmacology; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics; drug; medicine Discuss why drugs are administered and what factors may mean that a drug doesn’t work Appreciate that all drugs have side effects and be able to explain how the concentration of a drug relates to the incidence of side effects Explain the origin of on-target and off-target side effects Describe the basic structure of skin Describe the layers of the epidermis and the epidermal cell turnover Recall the basic structure and classification of fibrocellular and fibrous connective tissue and give examples of where they are found Discuss the functions of integument including protection, pigmentation, synthesis, glandular secretions, turn over. Illustrate specialisations of integument including hair, feathers and horn-covered structures Identify normal epidermal cell types in histological sections of integument Label a diagram of the layers of the integument Identify the epidermal derivatives of integument and recognise their classification and actions Relate the structure of the tissues of integument with their functions Recall the main general pathological processes (as introduced in year 1) Explain the ways cells may respond to stress and injury, how the response may change or progress over time, and why the cell-type and nature of the injury can influence the response. Define what a congenital malformation is. List the main causes of congenital malformations. Explain why the stage of embryonic/fetal development will affect the likelihood and nature of any congenital malformations occurring after exposure to a teratogen. Define the terms agenesis, hypoplasia, dysraphia, atresia, developmental dysplasia and hamartoma, and be able to give examples of these types of congenital malformations. Define atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia. For each of these adaptive changes, explain the morphological and functional changes that occur and be able to give examples of these changes within tissues/organs and their causes. Discuss why some adaptive changes may have a detrimental effect on tissue function, and which adaptive changes could increase the risk of development of neoplastic disease. Define what a neoplasm is and explain the terms benign, malignant, cancer and metastasis. List the main properties (hallmarks) of cancer cells. Explain how genetic and epigenetic changes provide the basis of cancer and neoplastic disease as a whole. (RH) Appreciate that the cause of neoplastic disease in animals is often unknown, but might involve intrinsic and/or environmental factors and these may be of variable significance in different species. Describe external and internal structures of the equine and bovine carpus and foot by their anatomical/clinical and lay terms Describe the distal interphalangeal joint, with respect to support structures, range of motion and the joint capsule Describe the layers of the hoof wall and the anatomy of laminitis with reference to gross anatomical structure Compare species differences in the anatomy of the distal forelimb and discuss the reasons for these differences Compare the anatomy of the distal limb between odd and even toed ungulates Compare the forelimb skeletal structure and musculature between the canine and equine Describe the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, with respect to support structures, range of motion and the joint capsule Describe the association of the metacarpophalangeal joint with the proximal sesamoids and the sesamoidean ligaments and the suspensory ligament Describe the carpal & digital flexor tendon sheaths with respect to their clinical significance Discuss the neurovasculature of the equine distal limb Demonstrate WHO handwashing technique Demonstrate appropriate hand preparation for surgery Demonstrate surgical gowning Demonstrate closed gloving Demonstrate open gloving Demonstrate four corner draping Practise surgical dexterity skills Be responsible for using consumable resources in a sustainable way Select the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) worn when handling diagnostic samples (blood and urine) Identify the type of sample tubes used for making a blood smear Describe how to draw up a small amount of blood into a capillary tube Perform the steps to make a blood smear (this can be practised at home with two pieces of plastic and a drop of water). Select the appropriate personal protective equipment worn when handling diagnostic samples (blood and urine) Identify the parts of a refractometer and describe its function Describe how to calibrate a refractometer Describe how to use a refractometer to measure urine specific gravity See CBL Discuss how agonism of receptors leads to a biological effect and describe how affinity, efficacy and receptor number determine the potency of an agonist Describe what a partial agonist is and recognise that they can be therapeutically useful Determine the relative potency of agonists from a concentration-response curve graph Describe how antagonists produce a biological response and appreciate that potency of these drugs is determined by their affinity Explain how tumours are named and be able to apply the nomenclature. Describe the gross and microscopic features that can be used to differentiate between benign and malignant tumours. Describe the potential routes of metastatic tumour spread. Describe cellular and architectural features that may be seen in tumours of mesenchymal, epithelial or round cell origin. Understand the different routes of drug administration to a patient Understand what is meant by oral bioavailability and the factors such as first pass metabolism that affect it Describe how drugs cross membranes and are distributed from the blood to tissues Describe the influence of body compartment pH and drug ionisation on the absorption, distribution and elimination of drugs Describe forelimb musculoskeletal anatomy in a range of species Describe the support structures of the shoulder, elbow and carpus, and explain their relevance to joint stability Describe structures of the canine elbow in relation to joint incongruence and disease Describe the neurovascular supply of the forelimb and the consequences of nerve dysfunction Describe the anatomy of the equine forelimb passive stay apparatus and explain basis of this mechanism Compare forelimb anatomy in a range of species to identify and explain any differences Describe the support structures and neurovasculature of the equine foot with respect to lameness Compare support structures of the canine, bovine and equine distal forelimb with respect to locomotion Compare the anatomy of the distal limb in odd and even toed ungulates Describe the innervation of the hindlimb and the implications of sciatic nerve injury Discuss the distribution of blood vessels to the hindlimb and relate this to clinical concerns Describe the muscles and ligaments of the hip, their function & innervation Describe structure and function of the canine hip joint and explain dysfunction in hip dysplasia Identify structures of the femoral triangle Describe the similarities and differences between the canine and feline hindlimb Discuss the structure and function of the cruciate ligaments and menisci in the stifle joint in both the canine and the equine Describe the stifle synovial capsule, ligaments & patellar support structures Discuss the function and innervation of the muscles of the canine stifle Describe the hock joint, including bones, joints and ligamentous support structures, including common injuries in both the canine and equine Discuss the function and innervation of the muscles of the canine distal limb 1. Recognise Bristol Veterinary School's priority research areas 2. Explain how vets and scientists can work together to tackle global challenges 3. Describe future career opportunities in research for veterinary graduates 4. List opportunities to engage with research during the BVSc (e.g. the INSPIRE programme and other studentships) Explain how the topics covered in this session fit with the relevant RCVS competences and Vet Sustain sustainability goals Explain what is meant by the term ‘microaggression’ Explain microaggressions’ impact on the victim Discuss some causes of microaggressions Discuss what you could do if you are a victim of microaggressions Discuss what you could do if you witness microaggressions Discuss what you could do if you are told that you have committed microaggressions See CBL Explain how the microbiome modulates the mucosal immune system Describe the physical barrier that exists between the body and the gut lumen Describe the immunological barrier that exists between the body and the gut lumen Outline the innate and adaptive immune response that can occur at the gut surface Give a brief outline of how the innate and adaptive immune system might respond to either a viral, bacterial or helminth infection at a mucosal surface List the diseases caused by each bacterium Outline their habitat, how they take up nutrients, produce energy and use oxygen Explain the process by which they cause disease Summarise control measures for the major diseases Apply skills in searching clinical literature and EBVM principles. Describe the relevant gross veterinary anatomy and related physiology to a clinical condition. Apply skills in communicating clinical and scientific information Clearly and concisely Using appropriate scientific terminology Citing references in an appropriate manner Produce a written summary of scientific information in language appropriate for clients. Use appropriate directional and locomotor terminology Demonstrate the safe handling of surgical instruments and describe the material properties of fixed tissue Describe hindlimb musculature and explain the effects of the individual muscle groups on movement Describe the innervation of hindlimb musculature and the consequences of nerve dysfunction Describe the support structures of the canine hip, stifle and tarsus, and explain their relevance to joint stability Describe the relevant anatomy of blood sampling, doppler placement, blood pressure cuffs and IV medication List causes of impaired energy production in cells, and explain the effects and consequences of ATP depletion on cells, including the wider effects of increased cytosolic calcium. Explain what free radicals are, how they can be generated and how they cause injury in cells. Explain the potential consequences of cell membrane damage. Summarise how injury to various cellular components may lead to cell death. Explain what reversible cell injury means. List the type of injuries that can cause cell swelling, and explain the principle biochemical changes and morphological changes (microscopic and gross) that occur in cell swelling (hydropic change). Explain the different ways in which fat (lipid) may accumulate in cells with particular reference to hepatocytes. Describe the gross and microscopic features of fatty change in cells. Explain the potential functional effects of hydropic change or fatty change in organs. Recognise that occasionally excess intracellular accumulation of glycogen can also be a cause of vacuolar change in hepatocytes. Apply and consolidate your knowledge of disease processes involving cellular responses to injury and disorders of growth. Identify and interpret gross pathological changes in various organs, and apply the relevant terminology. Apply and consolidate knowledge of tumour nomenclature and morphological and cytological features of neoplasms used to make a diagnosis. Understand the central pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma half-life and Clearance (in addition to Volume of distribution) Understand the processes of drug elimination (excretion and metabolism) Understand the kinetics of drug elimination Understand the characteristics of intravenous drug infusion and repeat oral dosing Explain the excretion of drugs and metabolites by the kidney and how urinary pH can alter this process Describe hepatic drug metabolism and the role of Phase I and Phase II metabolism Explain why paracetamol can be toxic Explain the factors that can affect drug metabolism Explain how the pharmacokinetics of biologics can differ from that of small molecule drugs Explain the importance of drug interactions Compare the anatomy of the distal hindlimb across species Describe the equine distal limb joints, including synovial compartments, bursae and support structures Discuss the function and innervation of the muscles of the hock Describe the form and function of the reciprocal apparatus Compare the neurovasculature of the canine hindlimb and equine hind foot Consolidation session of prior learning from acquire task; no ILOs Apply correct use of referencing to scientific writing Describe methods to avoid plagiarism Discuss ways a group can produce a piece of scientific writing Construct a suitable structure for your scientific writing Apply editing techniques to your scientific writing Define oedema, hyperaemia (active and passive), aberrant haemostasis (haemorrhage, clotting disorders and thrombosis) embolism and hypoperfusion. Identify the mechanisms underlying the development of each of the above, describe some of the direct effects on cells and tissues and their clinical significance where appropriate Consider some relatively common examples of these conditions in domestic animals and the gross and histological pathological changes. Link the topics covered in these sessions with other aspects of general pathology such as coagulation, neoplasia (vessel compression; neoplastic embolus), cellular degenerations and cell death (notably progressive ischaemic necrosis), sepsis (capillary damage, oedema, thrombosis, embolism; shock, ischaemia). See Vasular disorders 1 Apply information from the vascular disorders lecture to recognise and describe gross changes caused by the various classes of vascular disorders in a clinical context. Explain how physiological and pathological mechanisms correlate with gross and microscopic changes. Interpret changes and conclude a likely diagnosis and/or pathological process. Identify and define the clinical and macroscopic and microscopic pathological key features. Explain and summarise principle initiating events, main mechanisms, and effects. Identify mediators (links to pharmacology) and principal cell types involved. List some possible diagnostic markers (links to immunology). Define chronic inflammation and explain how it is initiated and persists (with links to disease agents) Identify and describe the gross and histopathological patterns of granuloma, abscess and fibrosis Review other processes in general pathology – e.g. cell cycle, acute / chronic inflammation, roles of some mesenchymal cell types Understand phases of normal healing and of pathological changes of aberrant healing Consider inflammation in relation to tissue healing Describe how 'antihistamines' exert an anti-inflammatory effect Discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids and recognise that side effects are related to the physiological function of endogenous corticosteroids Describe how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) interfere with the inflammatory response and produce side effects Outline the relative role of COX-1 and COX-2 in inflammation and recognise the benefit of COX-2 selective NSAIDs Appreciate that anti-inflammatory medications can mask pain associated with animal mistreatment See CBL Information session Describe hindlimb musculoskeletal anatomy in a range of species Describe the anatomy of the equine hindlimb passive stay apparatus and explain basis of this mechanism Describe the neurovascular supply of the hindlimb and the consequences of nerve dysfunction Describe the sheaths, bursae and joint spaces of the equine distal hindlimb Compare hindlimb anatomy in a range of species to identify and explain any differences Compare support structures of the bovine and equine distal hindlimb with respect to locomotion and lameness Compare foot anatomy in ovine and porcine species Identify the main controls on an ultrasound machine and identify structures of the equine foot on ultrasound images Explain how the topics covered in this session fit with the relevant RCVS competences and Vet Sustain sustainability goals Describe mental wellbeing; Recognise and deal with stress, including; - Describe adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies; - Explain the “Appraisal and Coping Model” for dealing with stress; - Discuss how to deal with potential stressful scenarios by using the “Appraisal and Coping Model”. Recall what to do when stress gets too much; Define resilience and describe how to develop resilience; Describe the importance of proactivity, reflection and variety in developing mental wellbeing techniques. Demonstrate appropriate suture and needle selection to include removal from cassette/pack Place a secure (and safely remove a) modified Miller's knot Perform (and safely remove) a simple continuous suture pattern Perform (and safely remove) a Ford interlocking suture pattern Be responsible for using consumable resources in a sustainable way Outline the roles and responsibilities of the core members of veterinary practice team Outline requirements of delegation in a veterinary practice Highlight the challenges of veterinary interprofessional practice Define hypersensitivity. Discuss the Gell and Coombs classification of hypersensitivity. Describe the mechanisms underlying Type I–IV hypersensitivity. Give examples of where the hypersensitivity mechanisms are used in a pathological immune response. Give examples of where the hypersensitivity mechanisms are used in a protective immune response. Apply and consolidate your knowledge of acute inflammation and cell responses to injury by identifying, describing and recognising macroscopical and microscopical pathological changes and their effects. Define the term key performance indicator (KPI) Describe how KPIs are used in veterinary business to measure performance List and explain common financial KPIs List and explain common sales KPIs List and explain common cost control KPIs Information session Information session Apply anatomical knowledge to describe possible implications of equine limbs wounds Apply the anatomy and physiology of synovial structures to interpret simple diagnostic findings Describe relevant considerations to choice of antimicrobial agent Explain lameness in dairy cattle in relation to the normal structure and function of the foot Describe some of the common disease processes involved in cattle lameness, including underlying factors Discuss approaches to treatment and control of lameness on the cow Recognise the impact of lameness on the dairy industry Information session Explain what is 'normal' behaviour in the domestic dog, including perceptual abilities, communication and social behaviour. Explain the key roles and differences between neurons and glia. Explain how changing the ionic permeability of neuronal membranes can change membrane potential Explain how the action of a neurotransmitter depends on the receptor that it interacts with. Provide examples of the main fast excitatory transmitters and neuromodulators and the type of receptors they affect. Explain how synaptic inputs can be integrated to influence firing of a neuron. Explain what synaptic plasticity is and why it is important. Explain the relationship between alpha motorneurone activity and force of muscle contraction Describe the receptors that provide sensory information from muscles Explain how the monosynaptic stretch reflex controls muscle length Explain the importance of clinical assessment of spinal reflexes for diagnosis of movement disorders Explain how the symptoms observed during a neurological examination relate to lesions at different spinal levels List the diseases caused by each bacterium Outline their habitat, how they take up nutrients, produce energy and use oxygen Explain the process by which they cause disease Summarise control measures for the major diseases List the cranial nerves and for each state whether their function is motor, sensory or both. Outline the key features of the anatomical course of each of the cranial nerves Describe the function of each of the cranial nerves Describe how clinical signs could result from loss of cranial nerve function Give an example of how a cranial nerve could be tested in a clinical setting Apply the fundamental concepts of neuroanatomy. Detail the structure of the three brain regions and summarise their embryological origins. Describe the basic connections and functional organisation of the nervous system (Central vs peripheral, afferent vs efferent, sensory vs motor, voluntary vs involuntary). Describe the structure and function of the major features of the brain. Apply knowledge of normal neuroanatomy to explain clinical signs caused by lesions in each structural area. Identify the main parts of the brain which have developed from the embryological forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Identify features of the cerebrum – indicate a sulcus, a gyrus and a fissure Identify elements of the blood supply and sinuses Identify a cerebral ventricle, cisterna magna, meninges and dura. Describe the three meningeal layers covering the brain and their associated spaces Identify the cranial nerves leaving the brain and some of the larger examples e.g. trigeminal nerve (V), facial nerve (VII) Demonstrate the neural pathways and mechanisms involved in a simple muscle stretch reflex in mammals Show how muscle stretch reflex can be modified by conditioning (descending drive); Describe how the reflex differs from voluntary activation of the same muscle; Explain the importance of clinical assessment of spinal reflexes for diagnosis of movement disorders Explain the different causes of hyperthermia that may be encountered in veterinary practice List common temperature regulation conditions seen in veterinary practice that lead to hyperthermia Consider different treatment options available Explain the difference between managing pyrexia (from infection) and managing heat stress (from environment) Mites: Outline the main features of arthropod structure, life cycles and classification Give examples of mites of veterinary importance, how they are diagnosed and how their life cycles and interactions with the host lead to disease Explain how variation in the life cycle of different mite species affects their epidemiology, and how good biological understanding can help to achieve effective control Ticks: Discuss how the epidemiology of tick infestation relates to life cycle and climate Give an overview, with examples, of ticks as vectors of disease Specify the main tick species of veterinary concern in the UK and why they are important Fleas: Describe the basic anatomy, life cycle and feeding habits of fleas Explain how fleas cause disease in dogs and cats in veterinary practice Outline how to diagnose and manage flea infestations in dogs and cats Lice: Describe the basic anatomy and life cycle of lice and their main biological features Explain how sucking and chewing lice cause disease Flies: Describe the fly life cycle and how larvae can infest animals to cause myiasis, using examples of veterinary relevance. Give examples of negative impacts on animals from adult flies Explain the different forms of animal learning Describe how knowledge about animal learning can contribute to improving animal welfare and treating companion animal behaviour problems At the end of this lecture students will be able to: Explain what antimicrobial and anthelmintic resistance is and why it is important. Describe what the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) and the veterinary profession is doing to combat these issues. Discuss the wider global context of these problems from a One-health perspective. Explain what individual veterinary surgeons can do to combat these issues, and how it will impact on their future careers. By the end of this lecture students will be able to: Explain animal medicine regulation and the role of the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) Describe the responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon with respect to medicines legislation. Define medicine distribution categories. Explain ‘the cascade’ its practical implications and protection of the food chain from the point of view of a prescribing veterinary surgeon. Recognise and interpret a Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). Discuss prescribing / prescriptions / recording and traceability. Explain what is meant by responsible medicines use in the context of One-health and sustainability. Identify the appropriate way to report suspected adverse reactions to pharmaceutical products. Explain the importance of arousal and attention. Define the terms arousal and attention within the nervous system Explain the importance of arousal and attention and how this can affect animal behaviour, handling and welfare Discuss why animals need sleep Explain how exposure to light and light period affects animal activity with species examples Discuss why adequate sleep is important for effective work as a veterinary professional. Explain how the hypothalamus acts as an interface between internal and external environment Explain, with examples, how the hypothalamus is involved in positive and negative feedback control Explain the importance of short-term satiety signals Describe how the hypothalamus is involved in the control of water balance and energy intake Identify each of the cranial nerves Identify extracranial elements of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system Identify the vagosympathetic trunk Information session Describe the structure and synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, giving details of the points at which drugs may block synthesis, with a particular focus on beta lactams. Describe the process of bacterial protein synthesis and major points of intervention with drugs. Describe the synthetic pathway for folic acid, its role in DNA and RNA synthesis and the action of drugs affecting this pathway. Explain the major mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Recognise general therapeutic principles involved in the clinical use of antibacterials. See CBL Explain how to tell 'normal' from 'abnormal' behaviour in domestic animals Describe what 'normal' cattle behaviour looks like Explain how housing design and husbandry practices can lead to 'abnormal' and harmful cattle behaviour Describe the consequences of harmful cattle behaviour and its prevention and treatment Discuss welfare and sustainablility consequences of common grazing systems Explain how to tell 'normal' from 'abnormal' behaviour in domestic animals Explain what 'normal' behaviour looks like for sheep/goats/camelids Explain how housing design and husbandry practices can lead to 'abnormal' and harmful behaviours in sheep/goats/camelids Describe the consequences of harmful behaviour of sheep/goats/camelids and its prevention and treatment Explain how housing design and husbandry practices can be used to manage livestock behaviour Describe how housing design and husbandry practices can lead to health problems Explain the principles underlying social behaviour in natural groups Explain how captivity impacts on natural social structure Explain how social behaviour, and constraints on its expression, can affect behaviour and welfare Explain what is 'normal' behaviour in the domestic cat, including perceptual abilities, communication and social behaviour. Able to outline the 5 modes of antibiotic activity and describe the 5 counter-measures by which bacteria “defend” themselves Awareness of the magnitude of this problem and of the means available to vets to control the situation Describe the structure and function of the external, middle and inner ear Describe which sensory structures of the ear are used for hearing. Describe which sensory structures of the ear are used for balance. Describe how the position and movement of the head is detected. Outline the structure of the central and peripheral vestibular systems. Outline the cranial nerves which travel adjacent to the ear canal. Explain the main function of the middle ear Differentiate between inner and outer hair cells Describe the transduction process in inner hair cells Explain how sound is localised List the main causes of deafness Distinguish the structure and function of different sensory areas of the mammalian vestibular system Describe how direction of movement is encoded by vestibular hair cells Explain the importance of vestibular reflexes using the vestibulo-ocular reflex as an example List the clinical signs of vestibular pathologies Outline the functions of the central and peripheral vestibular systems Describe from example results how the eyes move in response to a moving image or movements of the head Predict what compensatory eye movements might be made in response to stimulation of the vestibular system Discuss the integration of vestibular information with that of the visual system in bringing about a sense of balance and equilibrium Demonstrate direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes Demonstrate how the vestibular system contributes to changes in muscle tone and limb position and how vestibular pathologies might be presented Observe the trajectory of light shone on an eye Identify the components of the ocular adnexa including the lacrimal apparatus Palpate and dissect the orbit and eyelids Identify and section the extraocular muscles Identify the fibrous layer of the eye and its components Identify the vascular layer of the eye and its components Identify the nervous layer of the eye and its components Examine the lens and ocular media See CBL 1. Explain what viruses are. 2. Describe the general structures of viruses (enveloped and nonenveloped, capsid, nucleocapsid, genome and spike) 3. Describe the basic replication cycle of viruses. 4. Classify viruses according to their genomes and how they generate mRNA. 5. Summarise methods to diagnose viruses. 6. Summarise the effects of climate change on viruses. 1. Define positive-sense ssRNA viruses. 2. List examples of positive-sense ssRNA (e.g., Calicivirus, Coronavirus and Flavivirus). 3. Summarise the clinical pathologies associated with Calicivirus, Coronavirus and Flavivirus. 4. Summarise available diagnostics and vaccines. 1. Summarise how viruses cause disease and the difference between pathogenicity and virulence. 2. Explain the various routes of viral entry into hosts, what cells the virus targets for infection and how the cells change in response to the virus. 3. Describe the host and cell response to infection with emphasis on virus recognition and the interferon response. 4. Describe what inclusion bodies, syncytia, viral cytpaptheic effects, viral latency and virus mediated-oncogenesis are. Explain how nociception is related to pain perception Explain the basis and importance of sensitisation of pain pathways Explain the differences between pain and itch sensation Explain the difficulties of accurately assessing pain in animals Describe the neuroanatomy of locomotion / gait and how this relates to normal function Describe the nerves involved in maintaining normal postural reactions Describe the anatomy of key spinal nerve reflexes e.g. patellar reflex Explain the topography of nerve fibres within the spinal cord Describe the extracranial neuroanatomy of the autonomic nervous system Define the terms ‘primary afferent fibre’; ‘first-order neuron’; ‘second-order neuron’; and ‘dorsal root ganglion’ Describe how sensory information from the peripheral nerves is transmitted to the cerebral cortex along the ascending sensory pathways (tracts) Define the terms ‘ataxia’, 'paresis', 'paralysis' Assess the evidence relating to the use of corticosteroids in animal patients with spinal injury Palpate and examine the external ear canal Prepare and observe an ear cytology slide Identify the key anatomical structures of the ear Identify the cranial nerves which travel adjacent to the ear canal Explain how to tell 'normal' from 'abnormal' behaviour in domestic animals Describe what 'normal' pig behaviour looks like Explain how to recognise 'abnormal' and harmful pig behaviour Explain how housing design and husbandry practices can lead to 'abnormal' and harmful pig behaviour Describe the consequences of harmful pig behaviour and its prevention and treatment See CBL 1. Define dsRNA viruses. 2. List examples of dsRNA viruses (e.g., Reovirus). 3. Summarise the clinical pathologies associated with Reoviruses. 4. Summarise available diagnostics and vaccines. Describe what pain is (IASP definition). Describe the difference between nociception and pain. Explain the terms nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Explain the terms hyperalgesia and allodynia and how they may be recognised in clinical patients Summarise why recognition and quantification of acute and chronic pain is important in animals. Identify the challenges of pain assessment in animals. Describe the signs of acute and chronic pain in cats, dogs, rabbits and horses. Discuss the various methods of scoring/ quantifying pain in cats, dogs, rabbits and horses. Explain the principle and importance of preventative analgesia. Explain the principle and importance of multi-modal analgesia. List the legal requirements around the keeping and prescribing of opioids. Describe key pharmacology of licensed opioids in cats, dogs, horses and rabbits Describe key pharmacology of NSAIDS in cats, dogs, horses and rabbits Describe the information that should be given to owners about safe use of NSAIDS in their cats, dogs, horses and rabbits. Describe key pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents. Describe the key pharmacology of other commonly used analgesics. Compare the evidence of efficacy for the different drugs used to treat chronic pain in cats, dogs, horses and rabbits. Identify and minimise stressors at home before a veterinary visit, in the waiting room, and in the consult room Start to recognise management strategies for avoiding stressors for companion animal patients Explain the relevance of pheromones to veterinary practice Define what is meant by immunological tolerance and give examples e.g. neonatal, adult, oral and self tolerance. Describe how self-tolerance is maintained. Define the importance, function and mode of action of T-regulatory cells Discuss the immunological basis for autoimmunity. Discuss the genetic basis of autoimmune disease, and the effects of age and gender on autoimmune disease. Discuss the possible role of infections in autoimmune disease. Define the term financial accounting Define the term management accounting Discuss the key elements of a profit and loss statement Define the key elements of the balance sheet Define the key elements of the cash flow statement Discuss the importance of cash flow in a veterinary business Match a test with its target; explain which tests detect a pathogen and which detect a response to a pathogen. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using different classes of diagnostic test – DNA/antibody/biochemically based – to detect disease. List the appropriate diagnostic tests for different types of pathogen; Explain what a test will detect - eg DNA/RNA/antibody; Explain conditions that may interfere with the results of a diagnostic test and how this interference occurs Identify different bacteria and where these might be found Identify the spinal cord and its five regions Identify structures at the termination of the spinal cord, Identify foramina on a vertebra Identify the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses Identify examples of spinal nerves Describe the three meningeal layers covering the spinal cord and their associated spaces Information session Describe the steps involved in replication of viruses; Identify the points at which antiviral drugs may interfere with this replication process; Describe the underlying biochemical basis for the action of trifluridine, acyclovir and zidovudine upon the viral replication process; Describe the clinical applications and limitations of the antiviral drugs presently available for use in animals and show an understanding of the future directions in drug development in this field; Recognise the importance of vaccination in preventing viral infection. For the following drug classes, describe the mechanism of action and and key side effects: polyenes; imidazoles; allyamines; echinocandins; State why these drugs selectively target fungal cells; Recognise that combination therapy of topical and systemic treatments may be needed to treat dermatophytes. Explain weaning as a biological process in mammals Discuss how weaning management can lead to health, welfare and production problems See CBL 1. Recognise Bristol Veterinary School's priority research areas 2. Explain how vets and scientists can work together to tackle global challenges 3. Describe future career opportunities in research for veterinary graduates 4. List opportunities to engage with research during the BVSc (e.g. the INSPIRE programme and other studentships) 1. Recognise Bristol Veterinary School's priority research areas 2. Explain how vets and scientists can work together to tackle global challenges 3. Describe future career opportunities in research for veterinary graduates 4. List opportunities to engage with research during the BVSc (e.g. the INSPIRE programme and other studentships) 1. Define ssDNA viruses. 2. List examples of ssDNA viruses (e.g., Parvovirus) 3. Summarise the clinical pathologies associated with Parvoviruses. 4. Summarise available diagnostics and vaccines 1. Define dsDNA viruses. 2. List examples of dsDNA viruses (e.g., Poxvirus, Herpesvirus, Papillomavirus and Adenovirus) 3. Summarise the clinical pathologies associated with Poxvirus, Herpesvirus, Papillomavirus and Adenovirus. 4. Summarise available diagnostics and vaccines Discuss the difference between passive and active immunization. List the requirements of an ideal vaccine. Discuss the major differences between live and killed/inactivated vaccines. Describe different types of vaccine to include live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, vector, nucleic acid, conjugate and anti-toxin Explain why it is necessary to give multiple vaccines to neonates and the role of boosters Define ‘core’ and ‘noncore’ vaccines. List some possible vaccine side-effects. Explain the huge importance of vaccination. Describe vaccine delivery systems and how mass vaccination of poultry and pigs can be achieved Information session Apply the anatomy of the cranial nerves to explain disease Apply neurophysiology to explain how disruption of normal neural physiology relates to the clinical signs Describe how anatomy and physiology of different bodies systems (nervous and respiratory) relate to each other Information session Discuss how neuroanatomy informs the clinical examination of a neurology case Apply neuroanatomy to localise a disease Describe microbiological tests that may be used in an example neurology case Explain safe handling techniques for commonly kept pet reptiles. Recognise how the sex of commonly kept reptiles can be determined. Assess important aspects of reptile husbandry including diet, provision of heat, relative humidity, substrate provision and provision of UV light. Explain how incorrect husbandry is related to common diseases of reptiles Compare the properties of water and air as respiratory media. Explain how environmental temperature affects the metabolic rate and respiratory requirements of fish. Describe how the gills are adapted to increase the efficiency of gas exchange compared to mammals. Explain the need for osmoregulation and ionic regulation in fish. Describe how fish excrete nitrogenous waste and explain why the pH environment is critical for this. Explain how neutral buoyancy is achieved and regulated in fish. Explain how the high metabolic rate of birds poses a challenge to energy balance and thermoregulation. Compare avian thermoregulatory mechanisms to those of mammals and reptiles. Describe the features of the avian respiratory system and explain how they make the gas exchange efficiency greater than the mammalian respiratory system. Explain how the renal portal system is vital for the excretion of nitrogenous waste and the post renal water conservation mechanisms. Outline the general principles of providing good husbandry & optimal water quality for pet fish. List the components of water quality that should be tested regularly in a fish tank, including their relevant optimum values for commonly kept pet fish species, where applicable. Draw a labelled diagram of the Nitrogen Cycle as it applies to a fish tank. Outline the basic principles of good aquarium and pond management. Describe how to euthanise a fish Describe the main features of the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems of birds and recognise their clinical relevance. Summarise global aquaculture production and its environmental impact Outline key issues and sustainability challenges for aquaculture Discuss feed technologies and innovation in fish nutrition · Name and identify key features of the external anatomy of fish, including the outer integument layers · By careful dissection, name and identify structures of the main body systems of fish and recall their functions Describe and perform safe and effective handling techniques on small animals using appropriate methods · Describe key features of the external anatomy of snakes, lizards and tortoises and outline their functions · Describe the structure of the component layers of the integument and explain its importance · Describe the key features of the main body systems of snakes, lizards and toroises (musculoskeletal, cardiorespiratory, alimentary and urogenital) and outline their functions · Recall the main anatomical differences between fish, reptiles, birds and mammals · Describe key features of the external anatomy of fish and outline their functions · Describe the structure of the component layers of the integument and explain its importance · Describe the key features of the main body systems of fish (musculoskeletal, cardiorespiratory, alimentary and urogenital) and outline their functions · Recall the main anatomical differences between fish, reptiles, birds and mammals 1. Recognise Bristol Veterinary School's priority research areas 2. Explain how vets and scientists can work together to tackle global challenges 3. Describe future career opportunities in research for veterinary graduates 4. List opportunities to engage with research during the BVSc (e.g. the INSPIRE programme and other studentships) Outline the complexities behind the current society-wide debate about the role of livestock in food security and sustainability Summarise (a subset of) negative consequences of sudden livestock withdrawal from UK agriculture, especially from livestock farmers’ point of view Explain the concept of systems thinking, i.e. arguments capturing domino effects (unintended consequences) Information session Describe the different mitigation strategies that can be used to reduce the contribution of animal agriculture to climate change Explain how the 3Rs can be used to think about the impact of a mitigation strategy on the welfare of farm animals Assess the animal welfare challenges/opportunities associated with different mitigation strategies Appraise and communicate one sustainability issue of your choice related to animals and the veterinary profession through teamwork. Explore how the sustainability issue and its mitigation affects the welfare of animals involved and different stakeholders (including veterinarians). Discuss different aspects of sustainability using the three pillars of sustainability: environmental, social and economic. Assess the impact on the welfare of animals involved in the issue evaluated. Use the scientific literature to summarise a sustainability issue using appropriate scientific methods and communicate to peers in a concise, clear, and balanced way. Explain how vets are/will be affected by the issue/change identified and what vets can do to contribute. Identify knowledge gaps and potential future directions. Provide constructive feedback to peers. See CBL · Name and identify key features of the external anatomy of snakes, lizards and tortoises, including the outer integument layers · Name and identify structures of the main body systems of snakes, lizards and tortoises and recall their functions List the types of growth that take place during growth and development (eg hyperplasia, hypertrophy) Identify the physiological and biological factors that serve to control growth and body conformation (e.g. temperature regulation, movement/locomotion, genetics, nutrition). Describe the role of hormones in controlling growth in specific tissues (eg bone, muscle and fat) Explain the regulation of energy homeostasis by the central nervous system Describe typical gender differences (body size, markings, behaviour, etc) noting that these typically emerge only at puberty Recognise the factors that regulate the onset of puberty Discuss the connection between energy homeostasis, puberty and fertility. Information session After this lecture students will be able to: Explain how body composition changes with growth and allometry. Explain the concept of early and late maturity and the effect of equal age, weight or fatness on body composition in cattle. Explain ways of manipulating body composition using diet, protein and fat content. Discuss feed intake and fatness. Explain the effect of sex and chemical growth promotion on body composition. Recognise the important of optimising growth and production efficiency to reduce environmental impact and improve sustainability. Identify commonly kept species of pet birds. Explain safe handling techniques for commonly kept pet birds. Recognise how the sex of commonly kept birds can be determined. Describe identification techniques for pet birds. Recognise appropriate husbandry for commonly kept pet birds including diet, housing and lighting Appreciate the comparative anatomy of birds including beak structure, foot morphology, digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems Discuss concerns regarding sustainability aspects within the agricultural sector, with particular emphasis on farm animals. Explore issues related to the effect that sustainability related aspects can have on farm and other animals Demonstrate, practise and apply the principles that underpin the safe handling and restraint of pigs Describe routine management procedures in pigs and critically evaluate their use with particular respect to animal welfare and sustainability Demonstrate appropriate injection and blood sampling sites in different ages of pigs See CBL Outline the general characteristics of these small mammals. Outline respiratory system anatomy relating to respiratory disease. Describe the gastrointestinal tract and digestion. Describe the basic anatomy of the ferret: digestive tract, reproductive system and adrenal glands in relation to common disorders. Describe and perform safe and effective catching, examining and handling techniques on small animals using appropriate method Explain what is meant by a learning goal orientation (growth mindset) and a performance goal orientation (fixed mindset) Describe challenges associated with written feedback processes Use Hattie and Timperley’s model to provide written feedback comments Explain the meaning and implications of the symbiont ruminant Evaluate the basic principles of ruminant energy metabolism Summarise how ruminant energy metabolism and nitrogen metabolism are linked Rationalise the causes for low nitrogen use efficiency in ruminants and how it can be increased Summarise the potential environmental implications of ruminant energy metabolism and nitrogen metabolism Explain the importance of metabolic diseases ( with focus in dairy cattle) State the Causes, Diagnosis and Control of: Acidosis (Acute and SARA) Ketosis Hepatic lipidosis Displaced Abomasum Retained Placenta Hypocalcemia (Milk fever) Information session See CBL Identify common breeds of small mammal pet species Describe the ideal diets for small mammal pet species Summarise the housing and husbandry requirements for small mammal pet species Describe how to safely handle small mammals Summarise recommended preventative medicine for small mammals Discuss behaviour and welfare of small mammals kept as pets Identification of skulls. Identify features of the oral cavity and explain dental overgrowth and clinical implications, be able to describe dental radiographs. Identify and compare features of the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. Describe and identify blood sample sites and anatomical features on the live animal After this lecture students will be able to: Explain the advantages, disadvantages, and technique of artificial insemination in cattle. Compare techniques for detecting phenotypic and genotypic variation in dairy cattle: including DNA sequencing and genomics. Discuss heritability. Summarise the use of cloning and illustrate the ethical dilemmas associated with use of this, and other, breeding technique. Illustrate the importance of sustainable breeding practices and the wide impact selective breeding can have on sustainable livestock production. Recognise some of the risks and undesirable consequences of selective breeding. Summarise the causes, diagnosis and treatment/prevention of key ruminal metabolic disorders associated with minerals and vitamins in ruminants: Pregnancy Toxaemia Hypomagnesaemia Cerebrocortical necrosis Swayback Pine White muscle disease Aphosphorosis Vitamin A deficiency Goitre Describe the functions of the VMD Explain the development and authorisation of veterinary medicinal products. Describe the responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon with respect to medicines legislation. Explain why antimicrobial resistance matters Describe what the VMD is doing to combat AMR Explain what veterinary surgeons can do themselves to combat AMR See: Deep dive: Sustainability coursework introduction See CBL Describe the general characteristics of rabbits and compare these with other small mammals and compare these with other vertebrates Compare and contrast the key characteristics of the main body systems in rodents, ferrets and rabbits Describe and explain how anatomical variations in small mammals demonstrate adaptation to their environment Describe the external features of rabbits Describe the skull and dentition of rabbits Identification of features of the oral cavity and dental overgrowth, Describe dental radiographs; explain common clinical symptoms in relation to dental disease. Describe the gastrointestinal tract. Describe and identify blood sample sites and anatomical features on the live animal. Define the professional responsibilities of a veterinary surgeon regarding British wildlife, including legal and ethical requirements. Apply safe (for both humans and animals) handling and restraint techniques for a variety of common British wildlife species. Classify triage options for wildlife cases and decide appropriate outcomes eg re euthanasia/rehabilitation/release. Describe how to transport and house wildlife species appropriately, including providing a suitable diet. List common, serious and zoonotic wildlife diseases Explain what you would like to get out of your clinical EMS placement Identify how to approach potential placement providers Articulate your strengths and motivations effectively in applications Discuss how to respond in some of the more common placement scenarios Identify and differentiate between camelids Describe how to restrain and examine a camelid Summarise appropriate camelid husbandry and for different life/ production stages Recognise how camelid anatomy and physiology differs from other species and how this affects their husbandry needs Information session Identify commonly kept snake and lizard species Outline safe handling techniques for commonly kept pet snakes and lizards Describe how to determine the sex of snakes and lizards Assess and describe appropriate husbandry for commonly kept lizards and snakes including requirements for heat, UV light, humidity and substrate Assess and describe appropriate diet for corn snakes and bearded dragons Summarise the negative consequences of inappropriate husbandry in pet reptiles State the life cycle of and options for management of snake mites Understand how inappropriate husbandry results in common diseases of pet snakes and lizards Outline appropriate diets and care for a bearded dragon with metabolic bone disease Relate understanding of normal anatomy, physiology and animal husbandry to a clinical case and apply understanding to explain findings and management of the case. Broadly explain the potential production problems which may be encountered; Understand the close relationship between production system, breeding, good husbandry and health and welfare for poultry. Understand the relationship between nutrition and production, health and welfare, and climate change. Identify examples of practices which optimise biosecurity when dealing with wildlife cases Outline safe handling techniques for different species and sizes of British wildlife Outline appropriate advice for the public when they find a juvenile or baby native bird Summarise common zoonotic diseases in British wildlife Describe the responsibilities of a veterinary surgeon regarding British wildlife in terms of animal welfare, legal requirements and duty of care towards staff and members of the public. Identify common causes of presentation of wildlife casualties in a range of commonly seen species Discuss the potential release outcomes for British wildlife being presented to a veterinary surgeon. Classify triage options for British wildlife cases and decide appropriate outcomes e.g. re euthanasia/rehabilitation/release Formulate treatment plans (in broad terms only) for common species and conditions Explain how the suitability of an animal for release is determined, and what factors must be considered Recognise the impact of urbanisation on wildlife and biodiversity Outline appropriate diets and care for a variety of hospitalized wildlife cases of different species and ages Outline suitable environments for a variety of hospitalised wildlife cases of different species, ages, and points in the journey from rescue to release Relate understanding of normal anatomy, physiology and animal husbandry to a clinical case and apply understanding to explain findings and management of the case. Appraise the advantages and disadvantages of treating wildlife in veterinary practice, considering the animals, the staff, the finders, and the wider general public Describe the process of planning and performing a skin incision Describe the process of planning and achieving an appositional skin closure Explain the importance of achieving a tension-free closure Describe basic tension relieving surgical techniques, and correctly select when would be appropriate to use each Apply knowledge and understanding gained in lectures and laboratory classes to practical problems in veterinary parasitology. Revise and refine parasite identification skills, gain further familiarity with the appearance of the parasites covered in Year 2 and build appreciation of their context in applied veterinary fields. Develop experience of working in a team and preparing a presentation suitable for peers. Understand the ethical principles in animal research and the 3Rs and how these have developed over time Understand the VSA 1966, AWA 2006 and ASPA 1986 and how they interact to allow/prohibit harms to animals Understand the key concepts in Lab Animal Veterinary Care Understand the ethical principles in animal research and the 3Rs and how these have developed over time Explain the distinction between Recognised Veterinary Practice and Animal Research, and when Veterinary Clinical research requires a separate Licence (Project Licence or Animal Test Certificate) Give examples of how Animal Welfare Science can improve welfare and influence animal care for laboratory animals Explain how body pH arises and how it is regulated Explain the basis of acid base balance Explain how disease can cause a disturbance of acid base balance Identify and distinguish between acid-base disturbances Use an ABG to identify acid base disorders Consider the process of compensation Understand that some acid base disorders are not simple Appreciate how the Davenport diagram / acid base nomogram can help distinguish disorders Define terms associated with anaesthesia namely, general anaesthesia, local anaesthesia, analgesia, sedation and premedication. State the sequence of events during general anaesthesia and state the options for induction (injectable vs inhalational) and maintenance (injectable vs inhalational) of anaesthesia Explain the concept of the anaesthetic triad and balanced anaesthesia. State the anaesthetic risk in different species/ breeds and explain how epidemiological studies have influenced practice. Outline legislation associated with anaesthesia and state where to find up to date guidance. Identify and explain the function of different components of the anaesthetic machine including; cylinder yolk, pressure gauge, pressure regulator, flowmeter, vaporizer, non-return pressure relief safety valve, oxygen flush, common gas outlet, and oxygen supply failure alarm. Describe the features of oxygen cylinders (including appropriate storage and handling) and other sources of oxygen that can be used by anaesthetic machines (pipelines, oxygen concentrators and liquid oxygen). Describe the patient safety features on anaesthetic machines. Explain the different types of scavenging that are available and discuss their advantages and disadvantages Describe how to perform an anaesthetic machine check in preparation for the practical class Describe how to change an oxygen cylinder Describe how to correctly fill a vaporizer Calculate flows for rebreathing systems and non-rebreathing systems. Calculate drug dosages for common anaesthesia drugs Define the terms: dead space; tidal volume; minute volume; metabolic oxygen requirements; and re-breathing State the functions of an anaesthetic breathing system Identify the components of a breathing system Summarise the types of breathing system, identify how they eliminate expired carbon dioxide and explain how to calculate their fresh gas flow requirements State the main characteristics of and identify: T-Piece; Bain & Lack (Non-rebreathing) and Circle (Rebreathing) Select the most appropriate breathing system for a clinical case Outline the effects of: leaving the APL valve closed; excessive resistance; and excessive dead space Information session Describe the main features of the major superfamilies of nematode parasites infecting veterinary species Outline the different types of life-cycles and the terminology used to describe them Name important examples from each nematode superfamily which infect veterinary species Covers same ILOs as the task: Explain the EBVM principles of Ask, Acquire, and Appraise Identify the type and level of evidence described in varying information sources Be able to critically appraise the literature to answer a clinical question Additional ILO: Describe advanced tools for utilising EBVM in practice Correctly label the components of an anaesthetic machine. Prepare and check an anaesthetic machine for use. Calculate a drug dosage and prepare the drug for injection. Identify breathing systems (to include Circle, Bain, Tpiece and Lack). Attach breathing system to anaesthetic machine. Describe and demonstrate how to check each breathing system before use. Define the risk and odds of an event occurring Calculate the relative risk and the odds ratio Discuss the methods, benefits and drawbacks of using risk and odds Interpret a point estimate and confidence interval Understand why epidemiological measures are needed, what they are and how they help to describe disease Define and interpret incidence, prevalence, denominator population Define and calculate different measures of risk Discuss key differences and similarities between quantitative and qualitative research methodologies Illustrate different strands in qualitative work related to veterinary science Conceptualise Health, Care and Disease as always socially and culturally defined Apply these conceptualisations in discussions about care and treatment decisions in practice Explore what these concepts may mean in terms of providing a good life for animals including issues of sustainability See ILOs from Laboratory Animals lectures, with particular focus on: ILO4: Explain the distinction between Recognised Veterinary Practice and Animal Research, and when Veterinary Clinical research requires a separate Licence (Project Licence or Animal Test Certificate) ILO5: Give examples of how Animal Welfare Science can improve welfare and influence animal care for laboratory animals Describe nematodes of veterinary importance in sheep, cattle, horses, cats, dogs, pigs and chickens, in terms of their taxonomy, identification, lifecycle, pathology, epidemiology, diagnosis and overall importance for animal health and welfare Cattle: Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, Dictyocaulus viviparus. Sheep: Teladorsagia circumcinta, Nematodirus battus, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp. Cats and Dogs: Toxocara canis/cati, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aleurostrongylus abstrusus, Dirofilaria immitus, Ancylostoma caninum, Unicinaria stenocephala Horses: Strongylus vulgaris, Cyathostomins, Parascaris equorum, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Oxyuris equi. Pigs: Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Trichinella spiralis 1. Recognise Bristol Veterinary School's priority research areas 2. Explain how vets and scientists can work together to tackle global challenges 3. Describe future career opportunities in research for veterinary graduates 4. List opportunities to engage with research during the BVSc (e.g. the INSPIRE programme and other studentships) Apply standardised scoring techniques through observation and recording to assess and benchmark herd health parameters. Awareness of industry benchmarking data. Assess the physical condition, welfare and nutritional status of an animal or group of animals and advise the client on good practice of husbandry and feeding. Apply population principles in compliance with legal regulations and economic realities. Advise stakeholders on practices that promote animal welfare Demonstrate appropriate surgical site asepsis Perform a simple linear skin incision Place a secure aberdeen knot Place a secure (and safely remove) a cruciate suture Perform an intradermal pattern Demonstrate appropriate blunt and undermining of tissue Demonstrate appropriate gentle tissue handling and apposition Be responsible for using consumable resources in a sustainable way Identify different types of study (observational: case series, cross-sectional, case control, cohort and experimental: randomised control trial (RCT)) Understand and apply the hierarchy of evidence tool Appreciate that different study designs require different analysis methods Understand the limits of experimental studies Understand the definition of population and sample. Understand how samples are taken from a population. Understand randomisation and stratification of samples Define independent and dependent variables Understand and construct a hypothesis test, including a null and alternative hypothesis Understand how to select and interpret appropriate statistical analyses Understand Type I and Type II errors Understand the use of p-values in scientific papers Define which non-parametric tests are commonly used and be able to select and apply them Understand how to select and interpret appropriate statistical analyses Understand and apply knowledge that paired or unpaired samples require different analyses Understand how to use a chi-squared test (χ2) Interpret p-values in the context of confidence intervals Describe nematodes of veterinary importance in cats and dogs in terms of their taxonomy, identification, lifecycle, pathology, epidemiology, diagnosis and control. Describe nematodes of veterinary importance in horses and donkeys in terms of their taxonomy, identification, lifecycle, pathology, epidemiology, diagnosis and control. * Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus edentatus, Strongylus equinus, Triodontophorus, Cyathostomins, Parascaris equorum, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Oxyuris equi, Habronema, Thelazia, Onchocerca. * Describe nematodes of veterinary and public health importance in pigs in terms of their taxonomy, identification, lifecycle, pathology, epidemiology and diagnosis * Pigs i.e. Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Trichinella spiralis See CBL Describe the role of the Kennel Club in the registration of dogs Describe the role of the Kennel Club in the promotion of canine health and welfare Discuss the Kennel Club Health Schemes Explain the principles of genetics as applied to dog breeding Associate classes of antimicrobials with the types of bacteria that they can be used to treat and apply this to clinical scenarios Recognise the mechanism of action, side effects and uses of main classes of antimicrobial drugs Apply your knowledge of imaging techniques, anatomy, and clinical reasoning to select an appropriate imaging modality for a variety of case presentations. Compare and contrast different imaging modalities (radiography, ultrasound, MRI, CT) setting out the benefits and limitations with respect to their suitability for visualising different organs and body systems. Recall patient positioning, radiograph beam collimation and anatomical landmarks to enable centring for the common radiographic views according to body cavity. Recognise the normal anatomy of the main organs of a considered body cavity from a diagnostic imaging perspective. Explain the utility of positive contrast studies where appropriate. Understand how the performance of diagnostic tests is measured Calculate and interpret: Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) Present your findings concisely and clearly in an appropriate format Interpret findings in non-technical language Understand how to interpret results from studies Understand the concepts of statistical and clinical significance Small animals: Locate and palpate surface anatomical structures including bony landmarks relating to the spine in the dog Locate and palpate bony landmarks of the appendicular skeleton of the dog relating to an orthopaedic exam Describe and recognise the normal canine gait Locate and palpate the major muscle groups and identify where intramuscular injections should be performed in the dog and cat Equine ILOs: -Locate and palpate surface anatomical structures including bony landmarks of the appendicular skeleton of the horse -Demonstrate the site for digital pulse palpation and an abaxial sesamoid nerve block in the horse -Locate and name the major muscle groups in the horse - Demonstrate the positioning and borders of collimation for a lateral radiograph of the equine forelimb foot and assess the hoof-pastern axis -Appreciate how the lay terms compare to the anatomical terminology for the musculoskeletal system Farm: -Identify the horn buds in a calf -Locate the landmarks for cornual nerve block in calves -Locate the umbilicus in a calf -Describe the presentation of an umbilical hernia or abscessation -Demonstrate the sites for intravenous injections and blood sampling in cows -Locate and palpate surface anatomical structures including bony landmarks relating to the spine, abdomen and pelvis in the cow -Locate the landmarks for a paravertebral nerve block -Describe the path of the sciatic and obturator nerves and their function Describe the concept of cognitive bias. Outline the impact of cognitive bias on clinical reasoning. Identify strategies that can be adopted to reduce the impact of bias on clinical decision making Understand why and how we use diagnostic tests Recognise different types of diagnostic tests and evaluating different things Explain and apply principles for the interpretation of clinicopathological laboratory tests: > Assessment of ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ results > Reference interval > Sensitivity/specificity > Positive and negative predictive values > Likelihood ratios > Biological variation > Reference change values and index of individuality Identify common pre-analytic, analytical, and post-analytical factors that may interfere with the interpretation of clinical pathological results and assess how to interpret and minimize them Explain the general scientific principles used by haematology and serum biochemistry analysers in measuring analytes and how that relates to artefactual interferences See Herd Health practical ILOs: Apply standardised scoring techniques through observation and recording to assess and benchmark herd health parameters. Awareness of industry benchmarking data. Assess the physical condition, welfare and nutritional status of an animal or group of animals and advise the client on good practice of husbandry and feeding. Apply population principles in compliance with legal regulations and economic realities. Advise stakeholders on practices that promote animal welfare The aims of the PAL task for BVSc2 students (tutees): Engage in a teaching session led by peers in later years of the course Practise clinical skills relevant to clinical practice Develop communication and teamwork skills, including consideration of work alongside other members of the professional team in practice Explain reference intervals and how they are calculated Discuss the terms mild, moderate, and marked when describing abnormal results Interpret the significance of results falling outside the reference interval Identify which assays are used to assess specific body systems Discuss how to interpret clinical pathologic tests together with patient information and other diagnostic modalities to inform case management Understand how different diseases might be monitored and reported via active and passive surveillance systems Describe the characteristics of a typical epidemic curve Design a study to answer a specific clinical question Covers same ILOs as the coursework: Apply knowledge and understanding gained in lectures and laboratory classes to practical problems in veterinary parasitology. Revise and refine parasite identification skills, gain further familiarity with the appearance of the parasites covered in Year 2 and build appreciation of their context in applied veterinary fields. Develop experience of working in a team and preparing a presentation suitable for peers. Additional ILO: Consolidate learning under the Parasitology Coursework through worked examples of case scenarios Information session Information session Using the knowledge gained within the Big Picture block: Identify if an outbreak is genuinely occurring Understand which (parts of the) population(s) are affected Create a clear definition of what contributes a case Identify factors that increase (or decrease) the likelihood of disease Design intervention strategies/methods Assess whether interventions are working Describe how to prevent future outbreaks of the same disease Understanding how improving food safety and quality can improve people’s health. Understand the principles of food safety control Identify biological, physical and chemical hazards in food, including allergens. Understand and apply the 7 Principles of HACCP particularly as they relate to food safety at all stages of the food chain Understand the design of a HACCP plan for any production system Understand the importance of validation and verification of the HACCP plan Understand how climate change will affect food chain vulnerability and their controls. See HACCP 1 See HACCP 1 Information session Identify the key skills associated with history taking and giving information in a veterinary consultation Evaluate the effectiveness of communication skills in veterinary consultations Plan how to improve personal communication skills Identify a bacterium as being Gram-positive or -negative; List the different shapes that bacteria can take when observed microscopically and be able to associate these with some model species of bacteria; Explain what haemolysis is on blood agar and how bacteria cause this Recognise importance and relevance of zoonotic diseases for human and animal health. Describe zoonotic diseases and modes of transmission of these between animals and humans. Be aware of risk factors for emerging diseases such as agricultural intensification, land use and environmental change. Describe the life cycles of key vector-borne protozoan parasites groups, to include Babesia, Leishmania; and also those of the vector-borne bacterial pathogens Anaplasma and Ehrlichia. Recognise the animal and public health importance of each species and consider potential methods of intervention for their control. Relate the roles of vertebrate hosts and vectors to the epidemiology of vector-borne parasitic diseases, noting the effects of climate change on disease distribution. Describe sustainable alternatives for ruminant production Discuss the options side-effects and consequences Information session; no ILOs Recognise and explain that there are legislative requirements for antemortem inspection, and that failure to follow these has the potential to lead to increased waste. Be able to explain the roles and responsibilities, especially the role of the veterinarian Be able to list the six purposes of antemortem inspection and summarise each Recognize the role of legislation in the design of meat premises Explain the role of the veterinarian in ensuring that premises comply with legislation Explain the need for clean, potable water, and possible mitigation strategies for water waste Explain the basic processing techniques for cattle, sheep and pigs Be able to discuss why certain steps are important for the hygiene of the finished product Recognise and discuss basic steps undertaken for animal welfare at slaughter (be aware that these will be addressed in detail later in the undergraduate course) Differentiate adaptation and mitigation strategies Illustrate how climate change is expected to impact wild, companion and farm animals Define what adaptation strategies can be put in place to protect animals from harming consequences of climate change. Explain the contribution of the food system on climate change and biodiversity loss Compare climate change contribution of different food products Discuss some of the societal concerns around animal agriculture (1) Explain and describe the principles that underpin the safe handling and restraint of pigs (2) Explain and describe routine management procedures in pigs and critically evaluate their use (3) Explain and describe appropriate injection and blood sampling sites in different ages of pigs Perform a fine needle aspirate Demonstrate a safe stab incision Demonstrate appropriate lavage and suction Demonstrate appropriate dental scaling and polishing Perform dental charting See Introduction to BVSc2/BVSc4 Peer Assisted Learning Flipped classroom; no ILOs Explain the inhertitance of MHC and the role that it plays in antigen presentation Explain how diversity in the T-cell repertoire is generated and the process of thymic selection Summarize the events involved in T-cell activation and their effector functions Explain how diversity in the B-cell repertoire is generated and the mechanism of the Ig switch Summrize the events involved in B-cell activation and the different roles of antibodies Describe the complement system and how this can be triggered by the production of antibodies Recap of the lectures given by biochemistry in BVSc 1 relating to DNA, transcription, translation etc. Explain the basic structure of DNA and chromosomes, including the sex chromosomes. Describe basic mechanisms behind the control of gene expression. Be able to provide examples of how knowledge of the structure of DNA can be exploited for clinical reasons (pharmaceutical targets; use in molecular diagnostics, PCR; gene sequencing). Explain traits and polymorphisms Be able to explain what a single nucleotide polymorphisms is and how it can be used in genome mapping List the uses of genome mapping List the types of point mutations / variants, list the consequences of these mutations on translation and transcription and provide examples of each Be able to explain how knowledge of genetics can be applied to populations of animals Describe what a blood group is, inc. examples Explain why determining blood group is important in our patients Explain the factors behind neonatal isoerythrolysis and outline how to avoid it. Using examples, be able to explain the applications of genetic testing. Be able describe how to perform and interpret results of screening tests (based on DNA testing and offspring performance). Using coat colour as an example, be able to describe the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles, genetic epistaxis, and lyonisation on phenotype Understand differences in social communication between dogs and cats. Consider how the characteristics of dogs and cats may impact their behaviour and welfare in the domestic environment See Herd Health practical ILOs Explain the prevalence and welfare consequences of dental disease in cats and dogs Identify the different parts of a tooth and the surrounding structures Apply the Triadan system for numbering teeth Describe the oral examination process for a dog and cat Describe the process of professional dental cleaning, including how to safely undertake mechanical scaling Identify basic dental instrumentation, and correctly select appropriate equipment for performing dental probing, charting, scaling, and polishing. Summarise where bacteria exist as ecosystems Explain how this can affect their ability to cause disease Explain the relevance of this for treatment and disinfection List the diseases caused by each bacterium Outline their habitat, how they take up nutrients, produce energy and use oxygen Explain the process by which they cause disease Summarise control measures for the major diseases List the diseases caused by each bacterium Outline their habitat, how they take up nutrients, produce energy and use oxygen Explain the process by which they cause disease Summarise control measures for the major disease Explain the concept of notifiable diseases. Explain the legal basis of notifiable diseases. Summarise the general measures to be undertaken for control of notifiable diseases. List the diseases are caused by bacillus. Be able to describe the treatment of Anthrax infection in line with statutory regulations. Describe how not to get infected yourself. Explain the transmission and growth cycles of filaentous fungi and yeasts. Explain the mechanisms by which these organisms cause disease. State ways in which fungal infections can be treated, controlled and prevented. Associate fungi with the diseases that they cause and explain how these are brought about. Describe the association between corrective actions or vaccinations with different serovars of Salmonella (eg what do you have to do if the birds are infected with Salmonella Enteritidis) Explain how birds are monitored for salmonella Describe actions for different types of laying hens - layers, parent flocks List biosecurity measures used on egg farms Define the terms infection, micro-organism, pathogen, pathogenicity, transmission, vector, virulence and zoonosis List the major categories of infectious disease causing agents affecting animals, and provide examples of important agents within each category Summarise the main routes of transmission of these agents from one individual to another Outline how the differences in the basic biology and natural history of these agents influences the type of disease with which they are associated Describe the life cycles of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and the rumen fluke: Calicophoron daubneyi. Relate the causes of disease in the definitive host to the parasite life cycle and its relationship with host tissues. Summarise the implications of trematode parasites for the sustainability of health and welfare of livestock in the UK. Explain how the epidemiology of liver fluke in the UK is affected by pasture factors and seasonal variation and longer term changes in climate. Recognise key life cycle stages of the major platyhelminth (fluke and tapeworm) species discussed in lectures. Match pictures or specimens of platyhelminth species covered in the element to labelled diagrams of their life cycles. Organise pictures or specimens of platyhelminth species covered in the element into their relevant higher level taxonomic groups. Recognise key life cycle stages of the major protozoan parasite species discussed in lectures. Match pictures or specimens of protozoan parasite species covered in the element to labelled diagrams of their life cycles. Organise pictures or specimens of protozoan parasite species covered in the element into their relevant higher level taxonomic groups Describe the steps of a neurological examination Describe the normal cranial nerve responses seen in a clinical neurological examination Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the nervous system to the neurological examination and use this to explain normal findings and selected abnormal findings Outline the principles of lesion localisation Explain how the symptoms observed during a neurological examination relate to lesions at different spinal levels. Explain the physiological and anatomical basis for the responses tested during the neurological examination. Explain the key differences between apoptosis and necrosis. Define necrosis and describe the main microscopic features of necrotic cells including changes affecting the cytosol and nuclei. List factors that influence the type of necrosis that develops. List the main types of necrosis, and for each type briefly describe and explain its causes, appearance, and, where applicable, factors that may be specific to the type of necrosis. Explain what pus is and how it forms. Explain the differences in the causes and distribution of dystrophic and metastatic calcification. Summarise the key features of amyloidosis. Describe the structure of the UK poultry meat and egg industries and how they developed Describe the production systems and the legislation governing them Explain the differences in production efficiency and links with climate change for different production systems. Broadly describe the legislation governing backyard poultry Understand the husbandry considerations for backyard poultry, and how they might differ from commercial systems Describe the common problems of backyard hens Recognise key life cycle stages of major ectoparasite species Be able to name some of the infectious agents associated with ectoparasites acting as vectors Be able to name ectoparasites that are associated with zoonotic spread 1. Define ssRNA viruses with DNA intermediates. 2. List examples of dsRNA viruses (e.g., Retroviruses). 3. Summarise the clinical pathologies associated with Retroviruses. 4 Summarise available diagnostics and vaccines. 1. Define -ve sense ssRNA viruses. 2. List examples of -ve sense ssRNA viruses (e.g., Orthomyxoviruses, Paramyxoviruses and Rhabdoviruses) 3. Summarise the clinical pathologies associated with Orthomyxoviruses, Paramyxoviruses and Rhabdoviruses. 4. Summarise available diagnostics and vaccines. Recognise key life cycle stages of the major nematode species discussed in lectures. Match pictures or specimens of nematode species covered in the element to labelled diagrams of their life cycles. Explain the principles of faecal egg count testing and interpret the results of a FLOTAC egg count from a sheep sample Apply database searches to projects on biomedical research and/or clinical questions Distinguish scholarly and popular information sources. Search the CAB Abstracts and Medline databases for scholarly publications. Describe the value of Boolean searching, subject headings and limits in database searches Identify which information sources can help to find the best evidence for veterinary medicine Establish how to get access to these resources for your own clinical practice Translate a clinical question into a database search strategy and understand the fundamentals of efficient searching Manage your references and report your search strategies

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