Clinical Microbiology Quiz

The use of analgesics to prevent pain, often before a painful procedure.

A strategy of using multiple different types of pain relief medication to manage pain effectively.

Refers to the study of how drugs interact with the body, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Tests designed to identify the presence of a specific pathogen, like a bacteria or virus, in a sample.

Tests designed to detect the body's immune response to a pathogen, like antibodies or inflammation markers.

A process where the immune system learns to tolerate and not attack the body's own tissues.

T-cells that help suppress other immune cells, preventing autoimmune reactions.

A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, causing inflammation and damage.

The ability of an organism to adapt to stress and adversity.

Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity, involving mast cells and IgE antibodies. Type II: Antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity, involving antibodies targeting cell surface antigens. Type III: Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity, involving immune complexes depositing in tissues. Type IV: Delayed-type hypersensitivity, involving T cell-mediated reactions.

A measure of performance that is used to track progress towards a goal.

Normal behavior in dogs includes perceptual abilities like sight, smell, and hearing, communication through body language and vocalizations, and social behavior like pack dynamics and play.

Neurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting information through electrical signals. Glia support neurons by providing insulation, nourishment, and protection.

A knot used to secure sutures, often used in veterinary medicine.

A continuous suture pattern that involves a series of stitches that are evenly spaced and overlap slightly.

Suture technique used in veterinary medicine that interlocks stitches to create a strong closure.

A reflex that helps maintain muscle length and prevents excessive stretching. It involves a sensory neuron detecting muscle stretch, a motor neuron sending a signal to contract the stretched muscle, and an interneuron inhibiting the antagonist muscle.

The process of learning to associate a stimulus with a reflex, causing the reflex to be modified. For example, descending drive from the brain can suppress or enhance the muscle stretch reflex.

Voluntary muscle activation involves conscious control from the brain, while the stretch reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus. Voluntary activation is slower and requires more complex neural pathways.

An abnormal increase in body temperature above the normal range. It can be caused by various factors like infections, heat stress, or medical conditions.

A fever caused by an infection, where the body's temperature is elevated to fight off the infection.

High body temperature caused by exposure to excessive heat, often due to environmental factors, like being in a hot car or during a heatwave.

The ability of microorganisms to develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs, making treatment less effective. It poses a significant threat to human and animal health.

The ability of parasites to evolve resistance to anthelmintic drugs. This makes controlling and eliminating parasites in livestock and companion animals more challenging.

Faecal Egg Count (FEC) testing is a technique used to assess the number of parasite eggs in an animal's feces. This helps determine the level of parasitic infection and informs treatment decisions.

FLOTAC (Flotation-Thickening Technique) is a specific method for FEC testing. It uses a concentrated solution to float parasite eggs to the surface for easier visualization and counting.

Retroviruses are a type of virus with a unique replication cycle: they use an RNA template to create DNA, which then integrates into the host's genome. These viruses are known for their long-term persistence and can cause chronic infections.

Negative-sense single-stranded RNA (-ve ssRNA) viruses have their genetic information encoded as RNA, but in a complementary sequence to the mRNA needed to build proteins. They require a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to generate mRNA for protein synthesis.

Ectoparasites are organisms that live on the outside of their host's body. They can cause a range of health issues for their host, including skin irritation, blood loss, and the transmission of infectious diseases. Key life cycle stages of ectoparasites include eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults each with different characteristics.

Camelids are adapted to dry environments. They have long necks for browsing, thick fur for insulation, and can go long periods without water.

Camelids are ruminants, meaning they have a four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest tough plant material. Their digestion is slow and efficient, allowing them to get the most nutrients from their food even in harsh environments.

Camelids are naturally social animals, often living in herds led by a dominant male. They communicate through a range of vocalizations, body language, and scent marking.

Snakes and lizards are ectotherms, meaning they rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature. They need a suitable heat gradient in their enclosure with warm basking areas and cooler areas.

Snakes and lizards are carnivores, meaning they eat meat. Their diet can vary based on the species, but it typically consists of insects, worms, rodents, or other small animals.

Snake mites are microscopic parasites that feed on the blood of snakes. If left untreated, they can cause anemia, weakness, and even death. They are often found around the snake's eyes, nostrils, and mouth.

Appropriate husbandry for pet reptiles includes providing a suitable enclosure with the correct heating and lighting, adequate humidity levels, and appropriate substrate. It also includes providing a balanced diet and regular veterinary care.

Metaboliv bone disease (MBD) in bearded dragons is a common health issue caused by improper calcium and vitamin D3 levels in their diet. It can result in weakened bones, skeletal deformities, and other health problems.

Hormones play a crucial role in regulating growth and development in different tissues, such as bone, muscle, and fat. For example, growth hormone promotes bone growth, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimulates muscle growth, and hormones like estrogen and testosterone influence fat distribution and deposition.

The central nervous system (CNS) acts as a control center for energy homeostasis, the process of maintaining a stable energy balance in the body. The hypothalamus, a region within the brain, plays a vital role by sensing energy levels and releasing hormones that regulate appetite, metabolism, and energy expenditure.

Puberty is triggered by a complex interplay of hormones, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone). These hormones initiate the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive maturity.

Energy homeostasis, puberty, and fertility are interconnected. A sufficient energy reserve is crucial for initiating puberty and supporting reproductive processes. Nutritional factors can influence hormone production and reproductive function, linking energy balance to fertility.

Allometry describes the differential growth rates of different body parts during development. For example, in cattle, the head grows faster than the body during early stages, leading to changes in body proportions. This understanding helps us predict body composition changes over time.

The concept of early and late maturity reflects the timing of puberty and growth in animals. Early maturing animals reach puberty and peak growth earlier than late maturing animals. This has implications for breeding and production strategies in livestock.

Body composition can be influenced by factors such as diet, specifically protein and fat content. Providing sufficient protein supports muscle growth, while fat intake affects fat deposition. This knowledge is crucial for optimizing animal growth and production efficiency.

Safe handling of pet birds is essential for their well-being. Techniques include minimizing stress by using gentle movements, providing a secure environment, and avoiding sudden noises or movements. Understanding species-specific characteristics is crucial for appropriate handling.