BSMA 2-3 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers PDF

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers BSMA 2-3 Rubi, Karlyn Kate S. Bangsal, Johana Sophia R. Funtanar, Jennelyn Rose B. Mausig, Dessah Claire D. Lizada, Hazel B. Flororita, Patricia Rose R. Professor Melinda S. Balbarino...

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers BSMA 2-3 Rubi, Karlyn Kate S. Bangsal, Johana Sophia R. Funtanar, Jennelyn Rose B. Mausig, Dessah Claire D. Lizada, Hazel B. Flororita, Patricia Rose R. Professor Melinda S. Balbarino August 2, 2024  CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS ❖ LEARNING OBJECTIVES After this lesson, students will be able to: ✓ Explain why computer literacy is essential. ✓Enumerate and describe the components of a computer. ✓Determine the advantages and disadvantages of computers. ✓Define the uses of the Internet and the World Wide Web. ✓Distinguish between system software and application software. ✓Differentiate among types, sizes, and functions of the different categories of computers. ✓Discuss how different types of users interact with computers. ✓Discuss how computers affect different aspects of life in education, finance, government, health care, science, publishing, travel, and manufacturing. ❖ OVERVIEW This chapter explores the indispensable role of computers in the modern digital age, emphasizing their impact across various aspects of life. Also, this aids in obtaining knowledge concerning the necessity and effectively utilizing computers to keep up in a technology-driven world. ❖ RESEARCH MATERIALS A WORLD OF COMPUTERS Technology has achieved worldwide dominance and computers are the primary tool for leveraging the benefits and use of technology. Computers are essential to your daily lives as they can perform several tasks that make them indispensable. Whether from home, school, and work or on the go, computers are always with you; thus digital literacy is a must. Grasping knowledge and keeping up with computer technology is crucial for efficient and effective utilization, which can significantly improve various aspects of life in personal development, communication, entertainment, education, work, and business. Computers aid in streamlining daily tasks and providing a privilege to access and analyze, enhancing productivity through automation, making bridges to expand your network through digital platforms, allowing access to educational resources, and supporting tasks about data entry for decision-making processes. This chapter will give you a tour of the world of computers and help you enhance your digital literacy not just by giving you knowledge on how to use a computer but also by helping you understand how to utilize this powerful tool to make your life better and to remain competitive in a technology-driven world. Figure 1.1. Different aspects are affected by the use of computers. Google. WHAT IS COMPUTER? - A computer is an electronic device designed to perform tasks through programmed instructions. KEY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPUTER a.) Receive Data: Acquisition of input from users or other devices. b.) Process Data: Manipulation of data following specific instructions. c.) Store Data: Saves data for future purposes. d.) Output Information: Display and transmission of processed data. Figure 1.2. Computers. Google. DATA AND INFORMATION Data: Unorganized facts without context that must be processed to obtain meaning. Example: The mass '1 kilogram', the number '350', and an object 'shrimp'. Information: Organized and processed data which has been interpreted to have meaning and relevance. Example: 'A 1 kilogram of shrimp costs Php.350.00' is information derived from raw data. INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE - A sequence of steps the computer follows to convert raw data into meaningful information. STAGE 1: Input - Allowing data and instructions to enter the computer system. STAGE 2: Processing - The central processing unit (CPU) processes the input data according to programmed instructions. STAGE 3: Storage - Processed data is saved for future use. STAGE 4: Output - The processed data is presented to the user in a readable or perceivable form. Here is a brief example that demonstrates the stages of the Information Processing Cycle. ILLUSTRATION: Bureche will withdraw cash at the bank via ATM. STAGE 1: Input - Bureche will provide a debit card, PIN, and request a withdrawal amount to the ATM. STAGE 2: Processing - The ATM's CPU verifies the input data, processes transactions, and updates Bureche's account balance. STAGE 3: Storage - The transaction details are stored in the bank’s database. STAGE 4: Output - The ATM provides Bureche a confirmation message, cash, and a printed receipt. THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER A computer system contains several essential components known as hardware that work together to perform various tasks. This includes input devices, output devices, system units, storage devices, and communication devices  INPUT DEVICES - A hardware component that assists users in providing data to the computer and allows them to interact through the use of it. a.) Keyboard: Comprising various keys to press to enter data into the computer. A rectangle-shaped hardware that has numbers, letters, and other similar buttons. b.) Mouse: Giving control through a small symbol called a pointer to make selections from the screen. This is a handheld device. c.) Microphone: Allowing the user to transmit sounds and speak into the computer. d.) Web Cam: Allowing the user to capture pictures and record a video which can be stored on the computer. Figure 1.3. Common Input Devices. Google. OUTPUT DEVICES - A device that is responsible for transmitting information. These devices convert processed data into a readable or perceivable form. a.) Monitor: Displaying data on a screen. b.) Printer: Producing a physical form of data from the computer. c.) Speakers: Transmitting audio, voice, and other similar sounds. Figure 1.4. Common Output Devices. Google.  SYSTEM UNIT - The main body of the computer that protects crucial components that have a vital role in processing data. a.) Motherboard: The main circuit board that holds the CPU, RAM, and other components. b.) CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer, that processes instructions. c.) RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage used by the CPU to store data currently being used. Figure 1.5. Components of System Unit. Google. STORAGE DEVICES - A hardware component that retains access to data permanently or temporarily for future purposes. a.) USB flash drive: A small and lightweight portable storage device. b.) Hard disc: A portable storage device, that is enclosed in an airtight, sealed case, which provides greater storage capacity than the USB flash drive. c.) Optical disc: A portable flat and round disc with a plastic coating (eg., CD, DVD's, and Blu-ray Disc).  Figure 1.6. Common Storage Devices.Google. Storage media and Storage device A tangible substance on which a computer stores information, instructions, and data is called a storage media. On the other hand, a storage device records, reads, and retrieves data to and from a storage media. It acts as an input source when it reads data, instructions, and information from a storage media into memory; it acts as an output source when it writes the data, instructions, and information from memory to a storage media. COMMUNICATION DEVICES - A device that facilitates data exchange and connectivity between computers or between a computer and a network. a.) Modems: Computers can connect to the internet or communicate with other computers across large distances utilizing a modem, also known as a modulator-demodulator, which transforms digital data from a computer into analog signals that can be transmitted over telephone lines and vice versa. b.) Network interface cards: A piece of hardware that connects a computer to a network by transforming data into a format that can be sent over a network; thus, acting as the physical interface for network communication. c.) Routers: A device that directs data traffic, making sure that information sent from one computer reaches the correct destination computer within the network or across multiple networks. It forwards data packets between computer network.  Figure 1.7. Common Communication Devices. Google. Here's a brief example that would demonstrate how various components of a computer system work together to perform a task. ILLUSTRATION: Dagulito will create a Microsoft Word document and share it with his colleagues. Input Devices Components: Keyboard, and Mouse Action: Assists Dagulito to type the content of the document using the keyboard and use the mouse to navigate and make selections within the Microsoft Word. Processing Devices Components: CPU (Central Processing Unit) Action: Processes the data input by Dagulito and running the MS Word through the CPU. System Unit Components: Motherboard, and RAM (Random Access Memory) Action: The system unit houses the CPU, RAM, and other critical components. The motherboard connects all parts of the computer, on the other hand, RAM is the temporary storage used by the CPU to store data currently being used. Storage Devices Components: Hard Drive (HDD) Action: Once Dagulito saved the document, it is written to the storage device — allowing to store the data permanently for later retrieval.  Output Devices Components: Monitor and Printer Action: Enables Dagulito to view the document on the monitor while editing. And if the he wish to have a hard copy, the document may be printed using a printer. Communication Devices Components: Network Interface Card (NIC) and Wi-Fi Adapter Action: Enables Dagulito to share the document with his colleagues via email or upload it to a cloud service through the Network Interface Card (NIC) or Wi-Fi Adapter. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS In today's fast-paced world, computers have become an integral part of our daily lives. From personal use at home to professional applications in various industries, the influence of computers is undeniable. They have revolutionized the way we work, communicate, and entertain ourselves. However, like any other technology, computers come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of Using Computers The benefits of using computers are vast and impactful, driven by the inherent advantages they offer in terms of speed, reliability, consistency, storage, and communications. Here, we delve into each of these aspects to understand how they contribute to the transformative power of computers in our daily lives. Speed Rapid Processing: Computers can perform complex calculations and process large amounts of data in mere seconds. This speed is crucial for tasks ranging from scientific research to financial transactions. Efficiency: Automation of repetitive tasks, such as data entry and processing, significantly reduces the time required to complete them, thereby increasing overall efficiency. Reliability Accuracy: Computers execute instructions with a high degree of precision, reducing the margin for error in various applications, from industrial automation to medical diagnostics. Dependability: With proper maintenance, computers can operate continuously without failure, providing reliable performance for critical applications like air traffic control and emergency response systems. Consistency Uniform Output: Computers produce consistent results every time they perform a task, which is essential for applications requiring standardization, such as manufacturing and quality control. Routine Operations: They excel in performing repetitive tasks without fatigue or variation, ensuring uniformity in operations like payroll processing and inventory management. Storage Data Management: Computers can store vast amounts of data in a compact, organized manner. Digital storage solutions, such as hard drives and cloud storage, offer easy access and retrieval of information. Archiving: They enable efficient archiving of records, which is crucial for historical data analysis, legal documentation, and personal file management. Communications Connectivity: Computers facilitate instant communication through email, instant messaging, and video conferencing, bridging geographical distances and enabling global collaboration. Information Sharing: The internet, accessible via computers, provides a platform for sharing information and resources, fostering knowledge exchange and innovation. Disadvantages of Using Computers While computers offer numerous benefits, their widespread use also presents several disadvantages. Some of these disadvantages include concerns related to the violation of privacy, public safety, the impact on the labor force, health risks, and the impact on the environment. Understanding these drawbacks is essential to mitigate their negative effects and promote responsible usage. Violation of Privacy Data Breaches: Computers are vulnerable to cyber-attacks, leading to unauthorized access to personal and sensitive information. This can result in identity theft, financial loss, and compromised personal security. Surveillance: Increased use of computers and digital devices can lead to pervasive surveillance by governments and corporations, raising concerns about the erosion of personal privacy and civil liberties. Public Safety Cybercrime: The rise of cybercrime, including hacking, phishing, and ransomware attacks, poses significant threats to public safety. Critical infrastructure, such as power  grids and healthcare systems, can be targeted, leading to widespread disruption and potential harm. Misinformation: The rapid spread of misinformation and fake news through digital platforms can lead to public panic, mistrust, and harmful behaviors, impacting societal stability and safety. Impact on Labor Force Job Displacement: Automation and the increasing use of computers in various industries have led to the displacement of certain job roles. Workers in sectors like manufacturing and retail may find their jobs replaced by machines and algorithms, leading to unemployment and economic instability. Skill Gap: The demand for tech-savvy workers has increased, creating a skills gap. Those without the necessary digital skills may find it challenging to secure employment, exacerbating inequality and social divide. Health Risks Physical Strain: Prolonged use of computers can lead to physical health issues such as eyestrain, repetitive strain injuries (RSIs), and musculoskeletal problems. Poor posture and inadequate ergonomic setups contribute to these conditions. Mental Health: Excessive screen time and dependence on digital devices can negatively impact mental health, leading to issues like anxiety, depression, and social isolation. The constant connectivity can also contribute to stress and burnout. Impact on Environment E-Waste: The production, use, and disposal of computers contribute to environmental pollution. Electronic waste (e-waste) contains hazardous materials that can harm the environment if not properly managed and recycled. Energy Consumption: Data centers and computers consume significant amounts of energy, contributing to carbon emissions and environmental degradation. The growing demand for computing power exacerbates this issue, underscoring the need for sustainable practices. NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET Networks A network is a collection of interconnected devices that communicate and share resources. Networks can vary in size and complexity, ranging from small home networks to vast corporate or global networks. Types of Networks:  1. Local Area Network (LAN): ○ A LAN connects devices within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office, or building. ○ High-speed connections, typically using Ethernet or Wi-Fi. LANs enable resource sharing, such as printers and files, among connected devices. 2. Wide Area Network (WAN): ○ A WAN spans a large geographical area, often connecting multiple LANs. The Internet is the largest example of a WAN. ○ Uses various communication technologies, including leased lines, satellite, and fiber optics. WANs facilitate communication between distant locations. 3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): ○ A MAN covers a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city or campus. ○ Typically uses high-speed fiber optic connections. MANs are used to connect multiple LANs within a metropolitan area. 4. Personal Area Network (PAN): ○ A PAN connects devices within a short range, usually within a few meters. ○ Uses wireless technologies like Bluetooth. PANs are commonly used for connecting personal devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops. The Internet The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and networks that communicate using standardized protocols. It has transformed various aspects of life, from communication and education to commerce and entertainment. Key Concepts of the Internet: 1. IP Address: ○ A unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to the Internet. ○ Enables devices to locate and communicate with each other on the Internet. 2. Domain Name System (DNS): ○ A hierarchical system that translates human-readable domain names (e.g., www.google.com) into IP addresses.  ○ Simplifies web navigation by allowing users to use easy-to-remember domain names instead of numerical IP addresses. 3. World Wide Web (WWW): ○ A system of interlinked hypertext documents and multimedia content accessed via the Internet. ○ Enables users to browse and access information through web browsers using URLs. Web Page: A web page is a single document on the Web, identified by a unique URL, and can contain text, images, videos, and hyperlinks to other web pages. Web pages are the fundamental units of the Web, allowing users to read information, view multimedia content, and navigate to other pages through hyperlinks. Website: A website is a collection of related web pages under a single domain name, typically maintained by an individual or organization. Websites serve as a centralized location for information and services, ranging from personal blogs and corporate sites to news portals and e-commerce platforms. Online Social Network: An online social network is a platform that allows users to create profiles, connect with others, and share content such as text, images, and videos. Social networks facilitate communication and interaction among users, enabling the formation of online communities. Examples include Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Blog: A blog is a type of website or section of a website where an individual or group regularly publishes content, often in the form of journal entries or articles. Blogs are used for sharing information, opinions, and personal experiences. They can cover a wide range of topics and often allow readers to leave comments.  Microblog: A microblog is a form of blogging that allows users to post short updates or entries, often limited to a certain number of characters. Microblogs enable quick sharing of thoughts, links, and media. Twitter is the most well-known microblogging platform. Web Application: A web application is a software application that runs on a web server and is accessed through a web browser. Web applications provide interactive services and functionality, such as email, online banking, and social media platforms. They are more dynamic and responsive compared to static web pages. Web 2.0: Web 2.0 refers to the second generation of the Web, characterized by user-generated content, usability, and interoperability for end users. Web 2.0 technologies enable more interactive and collaborative user experiences. Examples include wikis, social networking sites, and mashups, which allow users to create and share content easily. 4. Internet Service Providers (ISPs): ○ Companies that provide Internet access to individuals and organizations. ○ Offer various types of connections, including DSL, cable, fiber optic, and satellite. Benefits of the Internet: 1. Communication: Email, instant messaging, and social media platforms facilitate instant communication across the globe. 2. Information Access: Provides vast resources of information on virtually any topic, accessible through search engines and online databases. 3. E-Commerce: Online shopping platforms and digital payment systems enable convenient and secure transactions. 4. Entertainment: Streaming services, online gaming, and social media offer diverse entertainment options.  5. Education: Online courses, e-books, and educational platforms make learning more accessible and flexible. Challenges and Concerns: 1. Security Risks: Cyber threats, including hacking, phishing, and malware, pose significant risks to users' data and privacy. 2. Digital Divide: Disparities in Internet access and digital literacy create inequalities in opportunities and resources. 3. Privacy Issues: Concerns about data collection, surveillance, and misuse of personal information are prevalent. 4. Misinformation: The spread of false information and fake news can lead to confusion and harm. COMPUTER SOFTWARE - It’s a series of programs, data, and instructions used in computer’s hardware to help the device operate and complete tasks. A software, a general term for computer programs often has a graphical user interface or the GUI (gooey). With the usage of GUI, you interact with the software using text, graphics, and visual images such as icons. Some software can be installed in the computer especially a software needed to accomplish a certain task by an individual, one example would be the RStudio. TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE 1. Application Software – it is the most common type of software; it is a more end-user oriented that is designed for a specific tasks or activities that would help the individual accomplished their task on hand. Application software or apps can be installed on your devices by yourself, such as word processing apps, spreadsheet apps, databases, multimedia apps, communication apps, internet browsers, and email apps, being few of its examples. 2. System Software - it acts as a bridge to transfer instructions from application software to hardware. It provides core functions such as operating systems, disk management, utilities, hardware management and other operational necessities. A system software is not end-user oriented, which means that these programs run in the background of your devices instead of you using them, few of the examples would be, the memory of your device, game engines, search engines, and operating system. Types of System Software a. Operating System - it is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer having devices. It provides a means for users  to communicate with the computer and other software. One of the best examples of operating system would be the Microsoft’s windows or the Mac OS. b. Utility Program - it allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. Some of the examples would be; antivirus software, file management tool, compression tool, and disk management tool. INSTALLING AND RUNNING PROGRAMS - Some owners want to upgrade or add a new program unto their computer by installing or downloading a new software into their computer. A lot of software can be purchased on a physical store that sells computer products or through online. When you purchase a software disc, most of it contains an instruction on its box or an access code, where you can just follow the instruction in installing it, while the online bought software can be download over the internet, when searching for a software online, you can find both paid and free versions. Here are the following steps in order to install and run the new software into your computer: 1. Installing - the process of setting up software to work with the computer, printer, and other hardware. To begin installing additional software from an optical disc, insert the program disc in an optical disc drive(Figure 1.8). You must make sure that the computer’s memory has more than enough to install the software into the computer. To install downloaded software, the web site typically provides instructions for how to install the program on your hard disk(Figure 1.8). Figure 1.8. Installing a program through an optical disc and online. Discovering Computer Fundamentals, Chp. 1, pg. 13 and MyLearningLab(YouTube) 2. Run - when the computer is instructed to run an installed program, the computer loads it, which means the program is copied from storage to memory. In order to properly run the software the memory must have enough space.  Figure 1.9. Running of program from optical disc and online download. Discovering Computer Fundamentals, Chp. 1, pg. 13 and MyLearningLab(YouTube) 3. Execute - once in memory, the computer can carry out the instructions in the program so that you can use the program in accordance to your liking and specification. Figure 1.10. Execution of editing program and Microsoft Security software. Discovering Computer Fundamentals, Chp. 1, pg. 13 and MyLearningLab(YouTube) SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT - It refers to a set of computer science activities that are dedicated to the process of creating, designing, deploying, and supporting software. A person who develops software or writes the instructions that direct the computer to process data into information are called, programmers or a developer, they drive the overall software development lifecycle – including working across functional teams to transform requirements into features, manage development, and processes, and conduct software testing and maintenance. Programmers typically interpret instructions from software developers and engineers and use programming languages like Java or HTML to carry them out. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER - Computers have been part of our society in one way or another since the activation of ENIAC in the mid-1940s. Today, the computer has evolved well beyond that original model and even beyond personal laptops and office machines. Some even fit in our pockets with amazing processing power. Figure 1.11. Summary of Categories of Computer. Discovering Computer Fundamentals, Chp. 1, pg. 15 and Categories of Computer, Udemy Blog, 2021. PERSONAL COMPUTER - A personal computer can be seen in every household that has the means to have one, it’s mostly used by different type of individual for different purposes such as for education, commercial, and others. A personal computer is a microcomputer designed for use by one person at a time. A microcomputer is a small machine that runs on a microprocessor. This category costs far less than larger computers with immense powers, such “microcomputers” are used for regular and practical use.  Two popular architectures of personal computers are: a. PC and PC-compatible computers – usually use a windows operating system. The PC-compatible refers to any personal computer based on the original IBM personal computer design. b. Apple – such as iMac, usually use a Macintosh operating system (Mac OS) its an operating system that runs apple’s mac computers. DESKTOP COMPUTERS - It is universally used for casual and commercial purposes. It’s designed to be static – to remain in a fixed place, like a desk. It usually has a tower, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Desktop computers tend to be big, but not as large as they originally were. Their cases have gotten smaller as motherboards and their components have decrease in size. One advantage of desktop computer is their ability to be upgraded. This is not only related to the operating system, disk drives, random access memory (RAM), and video/audio cards can be swapped out to improve performance. Figure 1.12. Illustration of a Desktop Computer. Google. MOBILE COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES Mobile Computer A mobile computer is a portable device that combines the functionality of a computer with the ability to be easily carried around. It's designed for use on the go, rather than being confined to one place. An example of this is the notebook computer. It is small and lightweight, can independently operate without being attached to a power outlet, durable, includes a touchscreen, keyboard, or both, and is equipped with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and maybe even cellular data. Notebook Computer A notebook computer, often called a laptop computer, is a portable personal computer (Volle, 2024). It is designed to be easily carried around and used in various locations. Essentially, it combines the functionality of a desktop computer into a compact, portable package. It has a clamshell design, integrated keyboard and touchpad, can operate with battery power, and evidently smaller and lighter than desktop computers. It has a keyboard on top of the system unit, and the display is attached to the system unit using hinges to easily fold and store the device. Figure 1.13. A typical notebook computer. Discovering Computer Fundamentals, Chp. 1, pg. 16 Types of Notebook Computer Netbook - It looks like a shrunken version of the traditional laptop computer that usually costs less, much more smaller, and lighter. Due to its affordable price and simplified set of tools, it is typically favored by students and beginner computer users (Knerl, 2019). Some netbooks may be equipped with touch screens and other functions that modern laptops have. On average, a netbook weighs about a kilogram to 1.4 kilograms, depending on the model. With a slimmed-down set of features, it is not as comprehensive as a laptop computer although they are designed to do similar tasks. Aside from those mentioned, compared to a standard laptop, a netbook is quieter, easier to use, and works seamlessly with popular cloud-based apps and tools. However, unlike laptop computers with higher-end components like gaming laptops, netbooks have less storage, lack ports, and probably have no options for customization.  Figure 1.14. Illustration of A Netbook (Left) and A Gaming Laptop (Right). Google Tablet PCs - A tablet PC, or simply a tablet, is a portable computer with a touchscreen display as its primary input method. It is operated using touch commands or a virtual keyboard, and in some cases, a physical keyboard (convertible tablet) can be connected to the display either through a port or using Bluetooth (Lenovo, n.d.). It's designed to be easily carried around and used for various tasks, such as browsing the internet, watching videos, playing games, and reading e-books (Mugno, 2024). It is also useful it taking notes and other functions while moving whereas notebook computers are impractical to use. Figure 1.15. Illustration of Tablet PCs. Google. Mobile Devices Mobile devices are handheld electronic gadgets designed for portability and easy use. They are essentially small computers that can be carried around and operated with one hand (GFCGlobal, n.d.). Some can even perform the same tasks as a desktop or laptop computer can. There are also programs and applications made only for mobile devices. Therefore, owning them can be a different experience. Some of these are Internet-enabled or wireless. This means that they can operate without a physical connection, unlike desktop computers. These devices have local, non-removable, or removable data storage and include a self-contained power source or these can be battery-operated and charged like mobile computers. (Ferraiolo et al., 2014) Types of Mobile Devices Smart Phones - A smartphone is a mobile device that combines the functionality of a traditional mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities. Essentially, it is a mobile phone and a computer in one device (Investopedia, 2024). It is designed to fit in one hand, able to connect to a cellular network and the internet, and offers tools for managing personal information, including scheduling, contacts, calculations, and note-taking. Beyond traditional phone functions, smartphones enable email, and internet browsing, and often include features like media players and cameras for photo and video sharing. Many offer software applications such as word processing and games. Smartphones typically have keypads or touchscreens for input. Users commonly communicate via text, instant messages, images, or videos sent directly from their devices. ❖ Text message - A short electronic message, typically fewer than 300 characters sent from one mobile device to another. It consists of text, numbers, and sometimes basic symbols ❖ Instant message - A type of real-time communication that allows you to send and receive text-based messages with other people who are online. ❖ Picture message - A type of message that allows you to send and receive images, photos, or short videos via your mobile phone or camera phone. ❖ Video message - A short video clip, usually about 30 seconds, that can sent to someone else through a mobile phone or a video phone, which enables the user to share moving images and sound with others. Figure 1.16. Illustration of Smartphones. Google.  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) - A handheld computer designed to function as a personal information manager. Although it may look like a smartphone, it does not possess the same capabilities. It may not be Internet-enabled, support voice input, have a built-in camera, or function as a portable media player. Figure 1.17. Illustration of a PDA. Google. E-Book Readers - A portable electronic device designed specifically for reading digital books, also known as e-books. An e-book is a digital copy of a traditional printed book that can be read on electronic devices. Most e-readers have touchscreens and can connect to the internet. They usually have a special type of screen called e-ink that mimics the look of real paper, making it easy on the eyes. (Lee, 2018) Figure 1.18. Illustration of E-Book Reader. Google. Handheld Computers - Also referred to as Ultra-Mobile PC (UMPC), is a compact, portable device that fits in the palm of your hand and can perform basic computing tasks. It is smaller than a laptop and even much smaller than a netbook. It is often equipped  with a touchscreen interface and capable enough to operate a variety of software applications such as calendars, task managers, word processors, games, and music players (Thompson, n.d.). Industry-specific handheld computers serve employees who are required to move around, aiding several areas such as the retail industry, logistics and warehouse, manufacturing industry, and the medical field to name a few. Figure 1.19. Handheld Computers Used in Retail and Healthcare. Google. Portable Media Player - A compact electronic device designed to store and play digital media files. These devices are primarily used for listening to music, but many can also play videos and display images. Portable media players often come with earbuds, and small speakers worn inside the ears. These devices typically have either a touchscreen or a touch-sensitive pad for controlling media, volume, and settings. Figure 1.20. Variations of Portable Media Players. Google. Digital Camera - A device that captures and stores images in digital format. Unlike traditional film cameras, it uses an electronic image sensor to convert light into digital data. It normally has a local storage but users can increase its capacity using memory cards. Digital cameras usually let users view and sometimes edit photos directly on the device. Users often transfer images to computers for further work. Alternatively, memory cards can be removed from the camera and inserted into a computer's card reader.  Figure 1.21. Different Models of Digital Cameras. Google. GAME CONSOLES Game consoles are devices primarily for playing video games, either for single-player or multiplayer. They typically use handheld controllers, connect to TVs, and store games on hard drives, discs, or memory cards. Their compact size allows for easy use in various locations. Popular consoles include Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii, and PlayStation 3. With the advances of technology, these devices can now contribute in the medical field. Handheld game consoles are smaller, portable versions that include controls, screens, and speakers in one unit. Games are often stored on cartridges, memory cards, or small discs. Many can connect with other handheld consoles for multiplayer gaming. Examples include Nintendo DS Lite and PlayStation Portable (PSP). Beyond gaming, many consoles offer features like music playback, movie viewing, fitness applications, and internet connectivity. Figure 1.22. Popular Game Consoles. Google. SERVERS A server is essentially a computer that provides services to other computers, known as clients (Lenovo, n.d.). It is designed to handle multiple requests simultaneously and deliver information or resources to those clients. It often has powerful processors and large amounts of memory, extensive storage capacity, designed for continuous operation, and connected to networks to serve clients. A server is a central computer that manages network resources like hardware, software, and data storage. Users access these shared resources through their personal computers or terminals, which are devices with a screen, keyboard, and memory. Figure 1.23. Illustration of Servers. Google. MAINFRAMES A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer system capable of handling massive amounts of data and processing complex applications simultaneously. It's often referred to as "big iron" due to its size and processing power (Beta Systems, n.d.). It can handle billions of transactions per day and can be expanded to handle increasing workloads. It is designed for continuous operation with minimal downtime and has robust security measures to protect sensitive data. Mainframes are used by large organizations like banks, airlines, and government agencies to manage critical operations. (IBM, n.d.) Figure 1.24. Illustration of A Mainframe. Google. SUPERCOMPUTERS A supercomputer is an extremely powerful computer capable of performing more than one quadrillion instructions per second, yet the most expensive. It is designed to handle complex problems that would take ordinary computers years to solve (Becher, 2023). Essentially, supercomputers are tools for tackling problems that require immense computational resources and speed. Its application and use are extensive and can benefit areas in weather forecasting, climate modeling, scientific research, nuclear weapon simulations, cryptography, artificial intelligence, engineering simulations, petroleum exploration, and more. Figure 1.25. Illustration of A Supercomputer. Google. EMBEDDED COMPUTERS The embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product. These computers are integrated into the hardware of various devices to perform dedicated tasks efficiently and reliably. These computers are integral to a wide array of everyday devices, such as consumer electronics, home automation systems, automobiles, process controllers, robotics, and office machinery. Consumer electronics Consumer electronics are electronic devices designed for personal use and entertainment. These gadgets are usually compact, portable, and user-friendly, ensuring they are accessible and convenient for everyday users. Ranging from smartphones and televisions to laptops and audio equipment, consumer electronics have become essential components of our modern lifestyle.(What Are Consumer Electronics | CitizenSide, 2023) Home automation devices Home automation devices, also known as smart home devices, are electronic products designed to automate and simplify everyday tasks within the home. These include smart thermostats, smart lighting systems, security cameras, and smart speakers. (Perry, 2023)  Automobiles An automobile is typically a four-wheeled vehicle primarily intended for transporting passengers and usually powered by an internal combustion engine that runs on a flammable fuel. These vehicles are designed with comfort and convenience in mind, featuring various amenities and safety features to enhance the driving experience. (Foster et al., 2024) Process controllers and robotics Process controllers and robotics involve systems and devices used to automate industrial processes and manufacturing. Process controllers manage and regulate the operations of machinery and production lines, ensuring precision and efficiency. Robotics involves programmable machines that can carry out a series of actions autonomously or semi-autonomously, often used in manufacturing, assembly, and other industrial applications​. (Dmm, 2023) Computer devices and office machines Computer devices and office machines are essential tools used in professional and personal environments to enhance productivity and communication. Computer devices encompass a wide range of electronic machines that process data according to specific instructions. These include general-purpose computers such as desktops and laptops, as well as portable devices like tablets and smartphones that combine computing and communication functionalities. According to Britannica dictionary office machines are specialized equipment used to facilitate various administrative and clerical tasks in workplaces. This category includes printers and scanners, which are used to produce paper copies of digital documents and digitize paper documents, respectively. EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USAGE People worldwide depend on various types of computers daily for numerous applications. To highlight the diverse uses of computers, this section provides a visual and narrative exploration of five user categories: home users, small office/home office (SOHO) users, mobile users, power users, and enterprise users. Home User Each family member is a home user, your father, mothers, sibling, you and other family members. Home users spend time on the computer for different reasons. These include personal financial management, Web access, communications, and entertainment. Home users engage with computers for a variety of reasons, each serving distinct purposes based on individual needs and interests. Personal financial management users may utilize budgeting software like Mint or You Need a Budget (YNAB) to track expenses, set savings goals, and manage their finances effectively. When it comes to web access, users often conduct research for school projects by exploring online databases and educational websites, or they might search for recipes and health information through cooking blogs and nutrition sites. In terms of communication, individuals can stay connected with friends and family through messaging apps like WhatsApp or Facebook Messenger, and they may participate in video calls using platforms like Zoom or Skype for both social interactions and collaborative activities. Lastly, entertainment is a significant aspect of computer usage, with users streaming movies and TV shows on platforms like Netflix or Hulu, playing video games on platforms such as Steam, or listening to music through services like Spotify and Apple Music, allowing them to unwind and enjoy their free time. Variety of software that home users utilize 1. Word processing software - this includes creating letters, completing homework assignments and other documents. 2. Personal finance software - aids in managing personal finances, investment, and family budgets. 3. Reference software - composed of encyclopedias, medical dictionaries and road atlases, offer valuable information for all family members. 4. Entertainment software - It allows home users to play games, compose music, research family history, or design greeting cards. 5. Educational software - It assist adults in learning new languages and help children develop skills in reading, writing, counting and spelling 6. Other software - It helps with tasks such as preparing taxes, maintaining a household inventory, organizing maintenance schedules, and safeguarding computers from threats and unauthorized access. Small Office/Home Office User(SOHO) Computers help small businesses and home office users manage their resources efficiently. A small office/home office (SOHO) encompasses any company with fewer than 50 employees, as well as self-employed individuals working from home. Small businesses and home office users leverage computers for a multitude of tasks to enhance their operations and efficiency. In local law practices, computers are used for managing case files, conducting legal research, and drafting documents using word processing software. Accounting firms rely on computers for bookkeeping, preparing financial statements, and using specialized accounting software for tax preparation and auditing. Travel agencies utilize computers to book flights, create travel itineraries, and manage client databases. Florists use computers to track inventory, process online orders, and manage delivery schedules. Additionally, small businesses often have websites to advertise their products or services, take orders, and engage with customers. For example, a bakery might use its website to showcase its menu, take online orders, and schedule deliveries. Home office users, such as freelance graphic designers, use computers for designing projects with software like Adobe Creative Suite and communicating with clients via email and video conferencing tools. Real estate agents working from home use computers to list properties, manage client interactions, and create marketing materials. Furthermore, small businesses often network their computers to share resources like printers and internet connections, reducing costs and improving collaboration. They also utilize cloud storage solutions for data backup and remote access to important files. Overall, computers play a crucial role in the day-to-day operations of small businesses and home office users, enabling them to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently and effectively Figure 1.27. Small Office and Home office usage of computers. Google. Mobile User The mobile users are the people who work on a mobile computer or device while away from a main office, home office, or school. Examples Sales representatives Real estate agents Insurance agents Meter readers Package delivery people Journalist Students Mobile users often utilize portable computers and/or mobile devices to connect to networks or the Internet, typically through wireless connections. They can access services such as email and online resources, and transfer information between their devices and other computers. For entertainment purposes, mobile users might play games on a handheld console, or enjoy music and movies on a portable media player. In their professional roles, mobile users engage with essential business software like word processors and spreadsheets. They can also use presentation software to create and deliver presentations to large audiences by connecting their mobile devices to video projectors, which display the content on a big screen. Power User The power user requires the capabilities of a powerful desktop computer, called a workstation. Unlike the mobile users where they can carry their mobile devices everywhere, the power users need to have computers with extremely fast processors and you cannot bring this wherever you go. Examples Engineers Scientists Architects Desktop publisher Graphic artists Enterprise user Unlike small office/ home office users that have lower than 50 employees, an enterprise has hundreds or thousands of employees or customers that work in or do business with offices across a region, the country, or the world. The enterprise users are the employee or customer who uses computers in the enterprise. Many large organizations use the term "enterprise computing" to describe their extensive network of computers designed to address their varied computing requirements. These networks connect employees across different locations, enabling seamless communication and collaboration. Employees access the network through computers and mobile devices to manage massive amounts of data daily, from processing millions of customer bills to calculating payroll for thousands of staff. Core business functions, like marketing, accounting, and administration, rely heavily on these systems. Modern enterprises leverage technology to interact with customers and partners. E-commerce platforms showcase products and services online, while social media tools like blogs foster open communication. Employees utilize a range of software applications, including word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentation tools, to perform their duties efficiently. The flexibility of remote work has become increasingly common, with telecommuting employees connecting to the company network to balance work and personal life. Telecommuting is a work arrangement where employees work remotely from a location other than the traditional office, typically their home. They use technology like computers, phones, and the internet to communicate and collaborate with colleagues and clients. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SOCIETY The discovery of computers has changed society today, as much as the industrial revolution changed society in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Over the past few decades, computer technology has brought an unprecedented period of change which directly influences many aspects of human existence. Computers have evolved into a necessary component of modern life, altering not only how we communicate but also how our economy shapes and grows. From their humble beginnings as a calculating device to the complex and sophisticated interconnected systems of today, computers transcended their initial use to become an indispensable tool for innovations, efficiency, and advancement which can be clearly seen in different sectors in our society. People interact directly with computers in fields such as education, finance, government, health care, science, publishing, travel, and manufacturing. In addition, they can reap the benefits from breakthroughs and advances in these fields. EDUCATION The role of computers in education has evolved from being a mere supplementary tool to becoming an essential and integral part of the learning process. It opened a world of possibilities and opportunities for both the students and educators. Computers revolutionized the way we access information, making it convenient for users because of vast stores of knowledge available at our fingertips. Comparing the mode of learning today to the traditional mode of learning before, most people learn from others such as their parents and teachers. They used different learning materials like physical books and manuals that assist them in learning a certain topic. However, in the present, students can access a treasure trove of educational sources through their computers because of its ability to access online libraries and research databases. It also assists them with learning or to complete a certain task or assignments.  Moreover, many universities and companies equip labs and classrooms with computers to assist the students and teachers in learning. The role of computers in education also opened an opportunity to conduct classes at one place while the learners are at different locations. With all this, we can conclude that computers are now pivotal in equipping students with essential skills they need in the modern world. Proficiency in using computers and digital tools is not just an advantage, but rather a necessity. Figure 1.28. Distance Learning. Google FINANCE In the financial sector, computers also play a vital role powering everything from online banking, electronic trading to risk management and also fraud detection. The integration of computers into financial processes has fundamentally changed the way financial transactions are carried out, investments are managed , and how risks are assessed. One of the most significant impacts of computers in the area of finance is the rise of online banking and digital payments. Many people and companies consider this as a helpful tool to manage and track their finances. Some use different finance software to balance checkbooks, pay bills, track personal income and expenses, manage investment and evaluate their future financial plans. This convenience that was brought by computers has completely transformed the way people transact and use their money, making it accessible and easier than ever to conduct financial transactions and monitor their overall financial health and status. High speed trading algorithms powered by computers execute millions of trades per second, enabling investors to buy and sell securities quickly and efficiently. These algorithms help optimize trading strategies, minimize transaction costs, and provide liquidity to financial markets, contributing to market efficiency and stability.  Figure 1.29. BDO Online Banking Website. Google GOVERNMENT The development and widespread use of computers in the operation of government and its instrumentalities has been a giant step forward for providing efficient services for the people. Computers are used extensively by the government and its instrumentalities to store information, provide services, and facilitate internal and external communication. Government administers different policies that give a society direction. Most government offices today have their own websites that store information that is needed by the public. And these websites are used by the people to pay parking fines, file taxes, apply for licenses and permits, purchase stamps, report crimes, apply for financial help, and renew driver's licenses and vehicle registrations. Figure 1.30. Government Websites. Google HEALTH CARE Computers in healthcare were used mostly for administrative purposes for many years. As technology advances and regulations change, the need to innovate is also crucial for this sector, making computers more and more common in other parts of medical facilities. In the present, computers are employed and used everywhere from patient bedsides, medical carts, nurse stations, laboratories, and operating rooms.  The following are some examples or scenarios where computers are used for their various purposes: Doctors use the Web and medical software to assist with researching and diagnosing health conditions. Pharmacists use computers to file insurance claims. Hospitals and doctors use computers and mobile devices to maintain and access patient records. Computers and computerized devices assist doctors, nurses, and technicians with medical tests. Computers monitor patients’ vital signs in hospital rooms at home. Surgeons implant computerised devices, such as pacemakers, that allow patients to live longer. Surgeons use computer-controlled devices to provide them with greater precision during operations, such as for laser eye surgery and robot-assisted heart surgery. Figure 1.31. Computers as a tool for monitoring patients’ health status. Google SCIENCE Almost all branches of science use computers to assist them with collecting, analyzing, and modeling the data. It enables many scientists in different fields to communicate with their colleagues around the world through the use of computers and the internet, making it easy to share their new discoveries and knowledge with each other. Breakthroughs in surgery, medicine, and treatments often result from scientists' use of computers. Tiny computers now imitate functions of the central nervous system, retina of the eye, and cochlea of the ear. A cochlear implant allows a deaf person to listen. Electrodes implanted in the brain stop tremors associated with Parkinson’s disease. Cameras small enough to swallow — sometimes called a camera pill — take pictures inside your body to detect polyps, cancer, and other abnormalities.  Figure 1.32. Breakthroughs in surgery, medicine, and treatments. Google PUBLISHING Publishing refers to the process of making works available to the public. Books, magazines, newspapers, music, film, and video are some examples of this work. Special software assists graphic designers in developing pages that include text, graphics, and photos; artists in composing and enhancing songs; film makers in creating and editing film; and journalists and mobile users in capturing and modifying video clips. Figure 1.33. Published books and music on Websites. Google. TRAVEL Computer Reservations Systems (CRS) are now considered as an essential tool for the distribution and broadening travel and tourism products and services. It is a kind of web-based software used by travel agencies and travel management companies to retrieve and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other activities. It was originally designed to be used by airlines but was later extended to be used by travel agencies and Global Distribution Systems (GDS) to book and sell tickets for multiple airlines. In line with this, customers can now order and book their airline without going to a travel agency by just visiting their respective websites. Furthermore, in the present, a lot of cars come with an integrated navigation system, where it helps the users to navigate their trip. Certain users of mobile devices even favour carrying dedicated handheld navigation systems.  Figure 1.34. Integrated Car Navigation System. Google. MANUFACTURING Most of the manufacturers have turned to Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) or Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) to improve efficiency, quality and reduce cost, lead and process time of the product. Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM) refers to the application of computers to support industrial operations including assembly and fabrication. 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