Branches of Chemistry and Matter Review of General Chemistry PDF

MANILA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY College of Pharmacy REVIEW OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY AND MATTER Objectives: 1. Understand what chemistry is 2. Enumerate the branches of chemistry 3. Discuss the di...

MANILA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY College of Pharmacy REVIEW OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY AND MATTER Objectives: 1. Understand what chemistry is 2. Enumerate the branches of chemistry 3. Discuss the different bases of classification of matter What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or separate to form other substances, and how substances interact with energy. Branches of Chemistry Analytical chemistry uses qualitative and quantitative observation to identify and measure the physical and chemical properties of substances. Physical chemistry combines chemistry with physics. Physical chemists study how matter and energy interact. Thermodynamics and quantum mechanics are two of the important branches of physical chemistry. Organic chemistry specifically studies compounds that contain the element carbon. Carbon has many unique properties that allow it to form complex chemical bonds and very large molecules. Organic chemistry is known as the “Chemistry of Life” because all of the molecules that make up living tissue have carbon as part of their makeup. Inorganic chemistry studies materials such as metals and gases that do not have carbon as part of their makeup. Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur within living organisms. Matter – anything that occupy space and has mass. Composition Structure Changes (Properties) Energy associated in changes PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 1 PREPARED BY: CHRISTINE MARIE S. TERRADO, RPh, MSPh  MANILA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY College of Pharmacy Classifying matter: A. Origin Organic – living things Inorganic – nonliving things B. Composition Pure – has unique set of properties Elements – metal, metalloid, nonmetal Compounds – acid, base, salt, oxide C. Mixture Homogeneous – one phase (True solution) Heterogeneous – two or more phases Colloids - Particles intermediate in size between those found in solutions and suspensions can be mixed such that they remain evenly distributed without settling out. These particles range in size from 10-8 to 10-6 m in size and are termed colloidal particles or colloids. The mixture they form is called a colloidal dispersion. A colloidal dispersion consists of colloids in a dispersing medium. Ex: Milk Coarse dispersion (suspension) - The particles in suspensions are larger than those found in solutions. Components of a suspension can be evenly distributed by mechanical means, like by shaking the contents, but the components will settle out. Ex: Oil and water D. States (Phases) Solid, liquid, gas, plasma Solids Particles of a solid have very low kinetic energy. The electrons of each atom are in motion, so the atoms have a small vibration, but they are fixed in their position. Solids have a definite shape. They also have a definite volume. The particles of a solid are already so tightly packed together that increasing pressure will not compress the solid to a smaller volume. Liquids The particles of a substance have more kinetic energy than those in a solid. The liquid particles are not held in a regular arrangement, but are still very close to each other so liquids have a definite volume. Liquids, like solids, cannot be compressed. PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 2 PREPARED BY: CHRISTINE MARIE S. TERRADO, RPh, MSPh  MANILA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY College of Pharmacy Particles of a liquid have just enough room to flow around each other, so liquids have an indefinite shape. A liquid will change shape to conform to its container. Force is spread evenly throughout the liquid, so when an object is placed in a liquid, the liquid particles are displaced by the object. Gases Gas particles have a great deal of space between them and have high kinetic energy. If unconfined, the particles of a gas will spread out indefinitely; if confined, the gas will expand to fill its container. When a gas is put under pressure by reducing the volume of the container, the space between particles is reduced, and the pressure exerted by their collisions increases. If the volume of the container is held constant, but the temperature of the gas increases, then the pressure will also increase. Gas particles have enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces that hold solids and liquids together, thus a gas has no definite volume and no definite shape. Properties of Matter: Physical – observable and Measurable Intensive – depends on the identity of substance not the amount Ex: Color, Solubility, Boiling point, Melting point, etc. Extensive – depends on the amount of matter present Ex: Mass, Volume, Length, etc. Chemical – ability of a substance to change into another substance / ability to resist change Flammability, corrosion, oxidation resistance, etc. Changes of Matter (can be brought by physical agent (heat), + other substance): Physical – phase change Chemical – change in intensive properties PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 3 PREPARED BY: CHRISTINE MARIE S. TERRADO, RPh, MSPh