BIO 101 Plant Morphology and Anatomy Lecture 1 PDF

University For Development Studies Faculty Of Biosciences Department of Biological Sciences Plant Morphology and Anatomy (BIO 101) Lecture 1 – Introduction to Plants Seth Oware [email protected]  LECTURE OBJECTIVES 2 ...

University For Development Studies Faculty Of Biosciences Department of Biological Sciences Plant Morphology and Anatomy (BIO 101) Lecture 1 – Introduction to Plants Seth Oware [email protected]  LECTURE OBJECTIVES 2 Introduction to botany Background introduction to plant related disciplines Outline some major branches in plant biology Functional morphology of Plants Distinguish angiosperms from gymnosperms Describe general characteristics of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants Organs and organ system of plants 25-Nov-24 3 Introduction to Botany Botany and Plant-related sciences 25-Nov-24  Introduction to plant related disciplines 4 Science: The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment Biology: Science that deals with the study of living things Living Things: living things consists of both plants and animals Botany: the study of plants Zoology: the study of animals 25-Nov-24  BOTANY 5 Botany covers a wide range of topics, including the structure, physiology, development, and classification of plants. It also involves the study of plant diversity, distribution, and evolution. By studying plants, we can learn how they interact with their environment and how they have adapted to different climates and soil types. Botany also provides us with valuable insights into the role of plants in the global ecosystem. Without botany, we would be unable to understand or appreciate the natural world fully. 25-Nov-24  IMPORTANCE OF BOTANY 6 In Agriculture Botanical research has led to development of new and improved crop varieties that are more resistant to pests, diseases and environmental stress. This has greatly improved food security worldwide and reduced poverty in many developing countries. 25-Nov-24  IMPORTANCE OF BOTANY 7 In Medicine Plants have been used for thousands of years to produce natural remedies for treating various diseases and conditions. Modern botanical research has led to the discovery and development of many new therapeutic compounds, which are now widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and other industries. 25-Nov-24  IMPORTANCE OF BOTANY 8 In Environmental Conservation Botanists study plant species and ecosystems, which helps us to understand the delicate balance between humans and nature. This is critical in protecting endangered species and preserving natural habitats for future generations. 25-Nov-24  MAJOR FIELDS OF BOTANY 9 FIELD DESCRIPTION Study that deals with the cell and its structure with special reference to the Cytology behavior of nucleus Histology Study of detailed structure of tissues making up a particular organ Anatomy Study of gross internal structure and tissues of organs Morphology Study of external shape features of plant organs Taxonomy/ Biosystematics Identification, description and classification of plants into various groups Ecology Study of the interrelationship between plants and their environment Ethnobotany Study of the use of plants by indigenous people Palaeobotany Study of ancient forms of plants preserved in the form of fossils Genetics Study of inheritance of parental characteristics by off springs Plant Geography Study of distribution and the factors responsible for plant distribution on earth Study of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of plant, form Plant Physiology and structure of plants corelated to functions 25-Nov-24  MAJOR FIELDS OF BOTANY 10 FIELD DESCRIPTION Study that deals with the utilization of plants and products for the well- Economic Botany being of mankind Agronomy The cultivation of crops for the food industry Forestry The utilization of forest plant Horticulture Study that deals with the cultivation of plants for its flowers and fruits Plant Pathology Diagnosis and prevention of plant diseases Plant breeding Deals with cross breeding of plants to evolve new types Pharmacognosy Deals with the study of specifically medicinal plants Biotechnology Exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes Food Science and Technology Deals with process and utilization of food Natural Resource Conservation and sustainable use of renewable plant materials and Management products 25-Nov-24 11 Functional morphology of Plants Organs and Organ system of plants 25-Nov-24  PLANTS 12 Multicellular, eukaryotic and photosynthetic living organism in the kingdom plantae. Photosynthetic Autotrophic organisms Produce most of the world’s oxygen Form the bases of most food chains 25-Nov-24  ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS OF PLANTS 13 Plants possess two main organ systems; Root system Roots Shoot system Stem Leaves Flowers Fruits 25-Nov-24  ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS OF PLANTS 14 Root System Shoot System They serve as anchor Photosynthesis (Anchorage) They undertake absorption Reproduction They store certain food They can store (storage) materials substances in them They transport water and They can transport substance mineral ions to the plant shoot They contain/produce They use hormones hormones 25-Nov-24  ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS OF PLANTS 15 - Primary function 25-Nov-24 16 Major Groupings of Plants Characteristics of major groups of plants 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS 17 There two main groups of plants a. Bryophyta (Non vascular plants) b. Tracheophyta (Vascular plants) 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS 18 1. Division Bryophyta - Characteristics Non-vascular Reproduce by spore dispersal Lack true roots, stems and leaves Gametophyte generation is dominant while sporophyte generation is reduced Occur often in moist shady environments Usually tiny plants 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS 19 1. Division Bryophyta - Characteristics 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS – 20 1. Division Bryophyta - Groups Division Bryophyta (Mosses) Division Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) Division Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS – 21 2. Division Tracheophyta – Characteristics Vascular; lignified conducting tissues Most are seed-bearing: seeds may be naked or covered True roots, stems and leaves Sporophyte generation is dominant while Gametophyte generation is reduced Larger plants 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS – 22 2. Division Tracheophyta – Groups Constitute the largest group of terrestrial plants 1. Pteridophyta (Lycophytes, Ferns and horsetails) 2. Gymnosperms (Conifers) 3. Angiosperms (Flowering plants) 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS 23 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS 24 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS 25 - Spermatophytes 25-Nov-24  MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS 26 - Spermatophytes 25-Nov-24  ANGIOSPERMS 27 Angiosperms can be divided into 2 Classes; Monocotyledonous plants [Monocots] Dicotyledonous plants [Dicots/Eudicots] 25-Nov-24  ANGIOSPERMS 28 DICOTYLEDONS [DICOTS] MONOCOTYLEDONS [MONOCOTS] Have two (2) cotyledons Have one (1) cotyledon. Leaf veins are usually net-like Leaf veins are usually parallel Vascular bundle usually arranged in Vascular bundle complexly arranged ring Tap root usually present Fibrous root system Floral parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5 Floral parts usually in multiples of 3 have pollen with single furrow or pore Pollen has 3 furrows or pores Secondary growth present Secondary growth absent 25-Nov-24  ANGIOSPERMS 29 25-Nov-24 30 THANK YOU! 25-Nov-24