Booster Cheat Sheets - Biochemistry PDF

© Copyright 2024, Booster Prep Inc. Booster Prep Booster Cheat Sheets – Biochemistry All Rights...

© Copyright 2024, Booster Prep Inc. Booster Prep Booster Cheat Sheets – Biochemistry All Rights Res erved. Biomolecules Atoms & Molecules Types of Molecular Bonds Formation of Macromolecules Atoms: Single unit made up of neutrons, Ionic Bonds: Transfer of e- from one atom to another atom of 1. Dehydration Reaction: Links monomers to form 2. Hydrolysis: Uses water to break polymers into protons, and electrons very different electronegativity polymers, forming H2O in the process monomers Molecule: Groups of 2+ atoms held together Covalent Bonds: Sharing of e- between atoms of similar by chemical bonds due to electron electronegativities interactions Nonpolar: equal e - sharing Macromolecules: Large molecules Polar: unequal e- sharing, forms dipole (polymers) formed from the bonding of Hydrogen Bonds: Weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an smaller molecules (monomers) electronegative atom (F, O, or N) The 4 Types of Organic Macromolecules Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Monomer: Amino acid Monomer: Monosaccharide Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules Monomer: Nucleotide 1 Amino acids Polymer: Peptide Polymer: Polysaccharide Monomer: Hydrocarbons Polymer: Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) Linkage type: Peptide bonds Linkage type: Glycosidic Polymer: Hydrocarbon chain Linkage type: Phosphodiester bond Function: Structure, transport, Function: Store energy Linkage type: Covalent carbon-carbon Function: Encode, express, and store genetic info defense, storage, enzymes Function: Insulation, energy storage, Classes of Carbohydrate endocrine signaling, cell structure Structure of DNA/RNA Monosaccharides: Single sugar Types of Lipids Nucleotide: molecule (e.g., Glucose) Structure: Nitrogenous base + 5-C 2 1. Triglycerides: Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Disaccharides: 2 joined sugar sugar + phosphate group Saturated (singl e bonds, straight chain) Alpha helix molecules (e.g., Glucose + DNA: -H attached to 2’ carbon Pleated Unsaturated (double bonds, branched chain) sheet Fructose = Sucrose) 2. Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids + phosphate group of the sugar Polysaccharides: Polymer of RNA: -OH attached to sugar attached to glycerol backbone sugar molecules. Includes starch Are amphipathic with polar head, nonpolar tail. Protein Structures (α-glucose), glycogen (α-glucose), Form phosphol ipid membrane bilay er Nitrogenous Base: cellulose (β-glucose), chitin (β- 3. Steroids: Three 6-membered rings + one 5- DNA: bases are A, T, C, G. Contains deoxyribose sugar and 2 3 1. 1 Primary: Linear chain sequence glucose) membered ring complimentary antiparallel (5’ to 3’) strands of double helix. Pleate d of amino acids E.g., hormones, cholesterol A and T pair via 2 H-bonds 5’ end 3’ end sheet 2. 2 Secondary: Local folding of Porphyrins: 4 joined pyrrole rings with a metal C and G pair via 3 H-bonds chain into α-helices/β-sheets via center atom ↑ GC base pairs = ↑ H-bonds Alpha helix H-bonding between amino & E.g., chlorophyll , hemogl obi n = ↑ temp to split strands carboxyl groups of adjacent Non-lipids, but commonly associated with lipid membranes RNA has bases A, U, C, and G, amino acids with a ribose sugar and is 3 3. Tertiary: 3D shapes due to single stranded noncovalent interactions Chargaff’s Rule: 4 between R groups (disulfide A & T, and G & C are always bonds are covalent exceptions) present in equal amounts 4 4. Quaternary: 3D protein shape (i.e., if DNA is 20% A, consisting of 2+ separate it is also 20% T) 5’ 3’ peptide chains