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Questions and Answers
What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms of similar electronegativities?
What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms of similar electronegativities?
Which monomer links to form polysaccharides through glycosidic bonds?
Which monomer links to form polysaccharides through glycosidic bonds?
What is the function of proteins as organic macromolecules?
What is the function of proteins as organic macromolecules?
Which type of molecular bond is characterized by a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom?
Which type of molecular bond is characterized by a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom?
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What process utilizes water to break polymers into monomers?
What process utilizes water to break polymers into monomers?
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What is the primary component of triglycerides?
What is the primary component of triglycerides?
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Which of the following best describes saturated fatty acids?
Which of the following best describes saturated fatty acids?
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What is the main function of polysaccharides?
What is the main function of polysaccharides?
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Which component is part of phospholipids?
Which component is part of phospholipids?
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Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
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What kind of bond structure characterizes unsaturated fats?
What kind of bond structure characterizes unsaturated fats?
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What is a primary structure of proteins?
What is a primary structure of proteins?
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What is the significance of the deoxyribose sugar in DNA?
What is the significance of the deoxyribose sugar in DNA?
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What type of secondary structure involves local folding into α-helices and β-sheets?
What type of secondary structure involves local folding into α-helices and β-sheets?
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Which base pairs are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds?
Which base pairs are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds?
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Which of the following statements about porphyrins is true?
Which of the following statements about porphyrins is true?
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What is the main difference between RNA and DNA in terms of their base composition?
What is the main difference between RNA and DNA in terms of their base composition?
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Which statement about the stability of GC base pairs is correct?
Which statement about the stability of GC base pairs is correct?
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What type of bonding occurs between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids in protein structures?
What type of bonding occurs between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids in protein structures?
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Which of the following is an example of a molecule associated with lipid membranes, even though it's not a lipid?
Which of the following is an example of a molecule associated with lipid membranes, even though it's not a lipid?
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Study Notes
Atoms & Molecules
- Atoms are the fundamental unit of matter, composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons
- Molecules are groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
- Macromolecules are large molecules formed from smaller units (monomers).
Types of Molecular Bonds
- Ionic bonds form when one atom transfers an electron to another, creating oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Nonpolar bonds share equally, polar bonds share unequally.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a highly electronegative atom of another (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen).
Formation of Macromolecules
- Dehydration reactions link monomers together to form polymers, releasing a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis reactions break polymers into monomers by adding water.
The 4 Types of Organic Macromolecules
Proteins
- Monomer: Amino acid
- Polymer: Peptide
- Linkage type: Peptide bonds
- Function: Structure, transport, defense, storage, enzymes, etc.
- Structures (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) are determined by amino acid sequences and interactions.
Carbohydrates
- Monomer: Monosaccharide
- Polymer: Polysaccharide
- Linkage type: Glycosidic bonds
- Function: Store energy.
- Types: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Lipids
- Monomer: Fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains) and glycerol
- Polymer: Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, porphyrins
- Function: Insulation, energy storage, endocrine signaling, cell structure.
- Types: Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, porphyrins
Nucleic Acids
- Monomer: Nucleotide
- Polymer: Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
- Linkage type: Phosphodiester bonds
- Function: Encode, store, and express genetic information.
- Structures: DNA (double helix) and RNA (single helix). Each nucleotide has a base (A, T, C, G, or U), a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a phosphate group. Base pairing (A-T and G-C) in DNA.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of atoms and molecules, including their structure and types of molecular bonds. This quiz covers the formation and functions of macromolecules, detailing the four types of organic macromolecules and their building blocks. Test your understanding of these essential scientific principles!
