Biochem

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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms of similar electronegativities?

  • Hydrogen bond
  • Ionic bond
  • Van der Waals bond
  • Covalent bond (correct)

Which monomer links to form polysaccharides through glycosidic bonds?

  • Monosaccharide (correct)
  • Fatty acid
  • Amino acid
  • Nucleotide

What is the function of proteins as organic macromolecules?

  • Provide insulation
  • Structure, transport, and defense (correct)
  • Store energy
  • Encoding genetic information

Which type of molecular bond is characterized by a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom?

<p>Hydrogen bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process utilizes water to break polymers into monomers?

<p>Hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of triglycerides?

<p>Glycerol and 3 fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes saturated fatty acids?

<p>Contain only single bonds and are straight chains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of polysaccharides?

<p>Store energy and provide structural support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of phospholipids?

<p>2 fatty acids and a phosphate group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

<p>Uracil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of bond structure characterizes unsaturated fats?

<p>A mixture of single and double bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary structure of proteins?

<p>The sequence of amino acids in a linear chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the deoxyribose sugar in DNA?

<p>It ensures stability by being less reactive than ribose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secondary structure involves local folding into α-helices and β-sheets?

<p>Secondary structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which base pairs are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds?

<p>C and G (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about porphyrins is true?

<p>Porphyrins are composed of four joined pyrrole rings with a metal center atom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between RNA and DNA in terms of their base composition?

<p>RNA has ribose sugar, and DNA has deoxyribose sugar. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the stability of GC base pairs is correct?

<p>Increased GC base pairs lead to more hydrogen bonds, increasing the temperature needed to separate strands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding occurs between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids in protein structures?

<p>Hydrogen bonding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a molecule associated with lipid membranes, even though it's not a lipid?

<p>Porphyrins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond where electrons are transferred between atoms of very different electronegativity.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.

Hydrolysis

The breaking of a polymer into smaller monomers using water.

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Macromolecule

A large molecule (polymer) formed from the bonding of smaller molecules (monomers).

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Triglycerides

A type of lipid made up of a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids.

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Disaccharides

Two sugar molecules joined together by a glycosidic linkage.

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Saturated fatty acid

A type of fatty acid with only single bonds between carbon atoms, creating a straight chain structure.

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Unsaturated fatty acid

A type of fatty acid with at least one double bond between carbon atoms, causing a bend in the chain.

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Phospholipids

A type of lipid made up of a glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

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Steroids

A type of lipid characterized by a fused ring structure.

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Primary protein structure

The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids.

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DNA structure

DNA is a double-stranded helical molecule that carries genetic information. It consists of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine(A), thymine(T), cytosine(C), and guanine(G)).

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Alpha helix

A type of protein structure where the polypeptide chain is folded into a helical shape due to hydrogen bonding between the backbone atoms.

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Beta sheet

A type of protein structure where polypeptide chains are arranged in parallel sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds between adjacent chains.

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Tertiary structure

The folding of a polypeptide chain into a three-dimensional structure, held together by various interactions like hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.

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Quaternary structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into a larger functional unit.

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Polymer

A molecule composed of repeating units called monomers. Examples include proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids.

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Nucleotide

A molecule consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Two main types are DNA and RNA, both involved in storing and transmitting genetic information.

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Study Notes

Atoms & Molecules

  • Atoms are the fundamental unit of matter, composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons
  • Molecules are groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
  • Macromolecules are large molecules formed from smaller units (monomers).

Types of Molecular Bonds

  • Ionic bonds form when one atom transfers an electron to another, creating oppositely charged ions.
  • Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Nonpolar bonds share equally, polar bonds share unequally.
  • Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a highly electronegative atom of another (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen).

Formation of Macromolecules

  • Dehydration reactions link monomers together to form polymers, releasing a water molecule.
  • Hydrolysis reactions break polymers into monomers by adding water.

The 4 Types of Organic Macromolecules

Proteins

  • Monomer: Amino acid
  • Polymer: Peptide
  • Linkage type: Peptide bonds
  • Function: Structure, transport, defense, storage, enzymes, etc.
  • Structures (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) are determined by amino acid sequences and interactions.

Carbohydrates

  • Monomer: Monosaccharide
  • Polymer: Polysaccharide
  • Linkage type: Glycosidic bonds
  • Function: Store energy.
  • Types: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Lipids

  • Monomer: Fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains) and glycerol
  • Polymer: Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, porphyrins
  • Function: Insulation, energy storage, endocrine signaling, cell structure.
  • Types: Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, porphyrins

Nucleic Acids

  • Monomer: Nucleotide
  • Polymer: Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
  • Linkage type: Phosphodiester bonds
  • Function: Encode, store, and express genetic information.
  • Structures: DNA (double helix) and RNA (single helix). Each nucleotide has a base (A, T, C, G, or U), a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a phosphate group. Base pairing (A-T and G-C) in DNA.

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