Bones of Upper and Lower Limbs PDF

Bones of the upper extremity Bones of the lower extremity  Axial skeleton (Skeleton axiale) consists of bones of head (cranium), neck (cervical vertebrae) and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum) Appendicular skeleton (Skeleton appendiculare) co...

Bones of the upper extremity Bones of the lower extremity  Axial skeleton (Skeleton axiale) consists of bones of head (cranium), neck (cervical vertebrae) and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum) Appendicular skeleton (Skeleton appendiculare) consists of bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles 3 Bones of the upper extremity  Scapula Large, flat, triangular bone Overlaps in part 2-7 ribs on posterolateral thoracic aspect  Scapula Costal (anterior) surface Dorsal (posterior) surface Superior, lateral, medial borders Inferior, superior, lateral angles Processes Spine of scapula Acromion Coracoid process Lateral angle:  the thickest angle (Truncated by glenoid cavity, for articulation with humerus) Dorsal surface Spine of scapula (divides small upper, large lower area) Clavicle It is palpable along its entire length and most unprotected Wholly subcutaneous In anatomical position: It has a gentle S-shaped contour, with the forward-facing convex part medial and forward-facing concave part lateral Extends laterally & almost horizontally across the neck from manubrium to acromion Clavicle Superior surface – inferior surface Sternal end – acromial end Anterior and posterior two borders  The clavicle is the first bone in the human skeleton to ossify  Clavicle 1. The acromial (lateral) end of the clavicle is flat  Acromial facet  Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament *Conoid tubercle *Trapezoid line 2. The sternal (medial) end is more robust and somewhat quadrangular in shape  Sternal facet  Impression for costoclavicular ligament 3. Body of clavicle (Shaft)  The superior surface smoother than the inferior surface  Medial 2/3 convex forwards  Lateral 1/3 concave forwards  Groove for subclavius; subclavian groove  Free Part of Upper Limb Arm Forearm Hand Humerus Longest and largest bone of upper limb 1. Proximal end 2. Distal end 3. Body of humerus (shaft) Humerus Proximal end Head of humerus Anatomical neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Surgical neck Anatomical neck Surgical neck Body of humerus (shaft) Distal end Articular & non-articular parts Articular part joints with radius & ulna Articular part  Capitulum (lateral, convex)  Trochlea (medial, pulley-shaped) Non-articular part  Medial & lateral epicondyles  Olecranon  Coronoid & radial fossae  Forearm bones Radius (lateral) Ulna (medial)  Radius Lateral in forearm Expanded proximal & distal ends (distal much broader) 1. Proximal end 2. Shaft 3. Distal end  Distal end Widest part Distal; smooth carpal articular surface Ulna In supinated forearm; medial to radius Olecranon enters humeral olecranon fossa (extension)  Proximal end Olecranon Coronoid process Trochlear notch Radial notch Tuberosity of ulna  Distal end Head Styloid process Wrist and Hand Carpus Metacarpus Phalanges Carpus 8 bones; 4 prox row, 4 distal row Prox: Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform Distal: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Carpal tunnel Carpal groove is made into an osseo-fibrous carpal tunnel by a fibrous retinaculum attached to its margins Bones of Lower Extremity Lower Extremity Sacroiliac joint – tips of toes Gluteal region Thigh region Leg region Foot region Bones of Gluteal Region Sacrum Coccyx Hip bone (os coxae) Ilium Ischium Pubis Prof. Dr. H. Selçuk Sürücü PELVIS Hip bone (Os coxae) a- ilium b- pubis c- ischium  Acetabulum Obturator Prof. Dr. H. Selçuk Sürücü foramen Prof. Dr. H. Selçuk Sürücü Ilium Body true pelvis Ala (wing) false pelvis Arcuate line  Iliac crest External lip Internal lip Intermediate line Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine - Iliac surface Iliac fossa - Sacropelvic surface Iliac tuberosity + Auricular surface  Ischium Body Ramus  Ischial spine Greater sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Ischio-pubic ramus Ischial tuberosity  Pubis Body Superior ramus Inferior ramus Obturator foramen Between pubis & ischium Obturator membrane Obturator canal Obturator a, v & n Prof. Dr. H. Selçuk Sürücü Bones of Thigh Region Femur (1/4 of height)  FEMUR Greater trochanter (lateral) Proximal end Trochanteric fossa (medial) Head Lesser trochanter (medial) Intertrochanteric line (anterior) Neck (It is one of the most Intertrochanteric crest common fractured bone (posterior) parts in trauma) Distal end Medial condyle Medial epicondyle Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface  Patella The largest sesamoid bone Flat, triangular shape Apex Base Anterior surface Articular surface  Leg bones Tibia (medially) Fibula (laterally) Tibia Proximal end Medial condyle Lateral condyle Superior articular surface  Tibia Proximal end Anterior intercondylar area Posterior intercondylar area Fibular articular surface Tibial tuberosity  Tibia Distal end Fibular notch (lateral) Medial malleolus (medial) Inferior articular facet of fibula Fibula Head Apex of fibular head Articular surface of fibular head Neck Fibula Anterior, posterior, interosseous borders Posterior, medial & lateral surfaces  BONES OF FOOT Tarsal bones - 7 Metatarsal bones - 5 Digital bones (Phalanges) - 14  Tarsal bones Bones of ankle Talus, calcaneus, navicular bone 3 cuneiform bones & 1 cuboid bone Talus Calcaneus Tber calcanei