Body Direction Terms Prefixes.pptx

BODY DIRECTION TERMS &PREFIXES by:Dr.mubarak mohammed The relative location of sections of the body, or of an organ, can be described through the use of pairs of contrasting body direction term and prefixes. Firstly:Body Direction Terms: 1) VENTRAL , REFERS TO THE FRONT, OR BELLY SIDE, OF TH...

BODY DIRECTION TERMS &PREFIXES by:Dr.mubarak mohammed The relative location of sections of the body, or of an organ, can be described through the use of pairs of contrasting body direction term and prefixes. Firstly:Body Direction Terms: 1) VENTRAL , REFERS TO THE FRONT, OR BELLY SIDE, OF THE ORGAN OR BODY (VENTR MEANS BELLY SIDE OF THE BODY.IT IS THE OPPOSITE OF DORSAL. 2) DORSAL ,REFERS TO THE BACK OF THE ORGAN OR BODY.IT IS THE OPPOSITE OF VENTRAL. 3) ANTERIOR ,MEANS SITUATED IN THE FRONT. FOR EXAMPLE, THE STOMACH IS LOCATED ANTERIOR TO (IN FRONT OF) THE PANCREAS.IT IS THE OPPOSITE OF POSTERIOR. 4) Posterior,means situated in the back. For example, the pancreas is located posterior to (behind) the stomach. 5)Superior,means uppermost, above, or toward the head. For example, the lungs are located superior to (above) the diaphragm.It is the opposite of inferior. 6) Inferior,means lowermost, below, or toward the feet. For example, the stomach is located inferior to (below) the diaphragm. Itis the opposite of superior.  7). Cephalic,means toward the head.it is the opposite of caudal.   8) Caudal, means toward the lower part of the body.It is the opposite of cephalic.   9) Proximal,means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure. For example, the proximal end of the humerus (bone of the upper arm) forms part of the shoulder. Proximal is the opposite of distal.  10) Distal,means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure.  The distal end of the humerus forms part of the elbow.Distal is the opposite of proximal.   11) Medial, means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline. For example, the medial ligament of the knee is near the inner surface of the leg.Medial is the opposite of lateral.   12) Lateral means the direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline. For example, the lateral ligament of the knee is near the side of the leg. Lateral is the opposite of medial. Bilateral means relating to, or having, two sides. Secondly:Body Direction Prefixes:  1) hypo - means less or decreased. For example ,hypertension means lower  than normal blood pressure.   2) Poster- means towards the back of an organ.For example, pancreas is located posterior to (behind) the stomach.   3) dors -means back of the body.   4) ventr - means belly side of the body.   5) anter - means front or before. For example,stomach is located anterior to the pancreas.  6) ab- means away from. Abnormal means not normal  or away from normal.   7) ad- means toward or in the direction of. Addiction means drawn toward or a strong  dependence on a drug or substance.   8) hyper- means excessive or increased.For example ,hypertension means is higher  than normal blood pressure.  9) inter- means between or among.For example,interstitial means between, but not within, the parts of a tissue.   10) hypo- means deficient or decreased.Forexample,hypotension means lower than normal blood pressure.   11) intra-means within or inside.Intramuscular means within the muscle.  12) sub- means under, less, or below.For example,subcostal means below a rib or ribs.   13) super-, supra- mean above or excessive.Supracostal means above or outside the ribs.