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08/01/2024 BLOOD TRANSFUSION AND ITS COMPLICATION. P R E S E N T E D BY; G R O U P H. S AM PLE F O OTER TEXT M O D E R AT O R ; P R O F. N WA G U....

08/01/2024 BLOOD TRANSFUSION AND ITS COMPLICATION. P R E S E N T E D BY; G R O U P H. S AM PLE F O OTER TEXT M O D E R AT O R ; P R O F. N WA G U. 1 08/01/2024 Anaesedo Chinaza Stephanie. Osifo Osariemen Favour. Okogun Odion Favour. GROUP MEMBERS Nzei Ijeoma Nmesomachukwu. Arebanmen Joshua Osemudiamen. Obamwonyi Eseosa. Haruna Bazhigla. S AM PLE F O OTER TEXT Odatuwa-Omagbemi Tserundede. Ikhidero Emilomo Jemimah. Ewo-Michaels Oritseweyinmi. 2 OUTLINE Definition of blood transfusion. Red cell antigen/ antibodies. Blood groups Rhesus system Blood donation Complications of blood transfusion. Prevention of hazards involved in blood transfusion. Conclusion  Blood transfusion is the process whereby blood is taken from a healthy donor and after screening is given to a recipient. I It is done to restore blood volume in cases of sudden loss of 25% or more of blood volume. Early transfusion used whole blood but modern transfusion uses components of the blood such as red cells, white cells, plasma, clotting factors and platelets. Red blood cells (RBC) contain hemoglobin, and supply the cells of the body with oxygen. Plasma is the "yellowish" liquid part of blood, which acts as a buffer, and contains proteins and important substances needed for the body's overall health. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, preventing the body from bleeding. Before these components were known, doctors believed that blood was homogeneous. Because of this scientific misunderstanding, many patients died because of incompatible blood transferred to them. Red cell antigen/antibodies Antigens are proteins that are located on the red cell membrane and have corresponding antibodies in persons with a different red cell antigen. These antigens are grouped together into blood groups depending on the type of antigen found on the red cells of donor or recipient Antigen is what is responsible for agglutination after wrong transfusion Blood groups. ABO system: there are three major blood groups in the ABO system. The blood group antibodies are found in the plasma of individuals who lack the corresponding antigen. These antigens are described as naturally occurring antigens because they are found on the red cell membrane right from birth. The important antigens are designated as A and B Rhesus System The Rhesus factor is an antigen present in RBC There are many Rh antigens but only the D antigen is more antigenic in human. ThThe persons having D antigen are called ‘Rh positive’ and those without D antigen are called ‘Rh negative’ Rhesus factor is an inherited dominant factor It may be homozygous Rhesus positive with DD or heterozygous Rhesus positive with Dd Hemolytic disorder of newborn baby BLOOD DONATION. For blood to be donated, certain criteria must be met to ensure the safety of the donor. These include: Age: 17 – 70 years(65 years at first donation) Weight: 50kg and above Haemoglobin level: 135g/l men and 120g/l women. Hb conc of over 12g/dl or more. Donation interval: not less than 3 months Pregnant and lactating mother are excluded  No major operation in the last 6 months No clinical malaria in the past one month in endemic areas No blood transfusion, tissue or organ transplantation within the past 12 months. No recent unexplained weight loss of 4.5kg or more No tattoos, ear or skin piercing, acupuncrure or accidental needle-stick injury within the past 12 months Free of: Viral hepatitis HIV infection Syphilis Trypanosomiasis Brucellosis For the storage of the blood; Collection of blood should be done under strict asepsis into a sterile plastic bag containing 60ml of citrate- phosphatedextrose (CPD) as anticoagulant and preservative Citratephosphate- dextrose (CPD) keeps red cells viablefor21 days in vitro The use of CPDA-1, adenine-enriched CPD, extends the shelf-life to 35 days The labelled plastic bag is stored 2-6 degree celcius Exclusion criteria. People with cardiovascular disease e.g. hypertension Respiratory conditions CNS disorders e.g. epilepsy GIT disorders Previous blood donation of less than 3 months Intravenous drug users Diabetes type 1 chronic renal failure Malignancies People involved in clinical trails Complications of transfusion. These are the complications that could arise after a transfusion has been done. The complications from transmission can either be; Immediate complications Delayed complications Immediate complications Febrile non-haemolytic reaction Allergic and anaphylactic reaction Haemolytic reaction Bacterial contamination Circulation overload Cardiac arrest Air embolism Delayed complications.  Thrombophlebitis.  Delayed haemolytic reaction.  Post-transfusion thrombocytopaenic purpura  Transmission of diseases:  (i) Viral hepatitis A, B, C, D  (ii) Malaria  (iii) Syphilis  (iv) Cytomegalovirus infection  (v) Trypanosomiasis  (vi) Toxoplasmosis, brucellosis  (vii) Infectious mononucleosis  (viii) Microaggregates  (ix) AIDS  (X) Parvovirus  Iron overload (Transfusion haemosiderosis)  Immunosuppression.  Prevention of hazards involved in blood transfusion Certain measures must be put in place to protect the recipient. These include: i. Proper donor selection as required for donation ii. Scrupulous aseptic techniques before transfusion iii. Blood culture of donated blood iv. Immunohaematological testing of donated blood v. Discard the initial 20 – 30mls vi. Remove as much of the white cells by the process of leucodepletion Massive transfusion Massive transfusion is defined as transfusion of 10 units of packed red blood cells within a 24hour period. It is an important life saving intervention for patients with massive acute blood loss. Aim:To limit complications and limit critical hypoperfusion Patients potentially requiring massive transfusions can be seen in traumatic injuries, gastrointestinal bleeding and obstetric catastrophes. Complications of massive transfusion includes: ○metabolic alkalosis ○hypocalcemia ○hypothermia ○hyperkalaemia  Conclusion Knowledge on blood transfusion and its complication is very necessary in the medical practice. REFERENCES H O F F B RA N D E S S E N T I A L H A E M AT O LO GY , 8 T H E D I T I O N E S S E N T I A L P H Y S I O LO GY BY S E M B U L I S E M B U L I G H A M THANK YOU FOR LISTENING PHENOMENAL DOCTORS!