Blood Patho Lecture 3 Part 2 PDF

Physiology and Pathophysiology Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Lecture 3 Physiology and By Rania Gad 1. Blood Transfusion 2. Anemia 3. Abnormal Hemoglobin  Incompatible blood transfusion Cause...

Physiology and Pathophysiology Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Lecture 3 Physiology and By Rania Gad 1. Blood Transfusion 2. Anemia 3. Abnormal Hemoglobin  Incompatible blood transfusion Cause:It is due to mismatching of the blood group of the donor with the recipient (.i.e. Patient).  Complications of blood transfusion 1. Immediate complications It is due to blood group incompatibility. It is called hemolytic transfusion reaction Pathophysiology of incompatible blood transfusion (.i.e. hemolytic transfusion reaction) The antibodies in the plasma of the recipient (.i.e. the patient) bind their antigen on the red blood cell membrane leading to their agglutination , then their hemolysis. Released hemoglobin is metabolized into bilirubin Antigen-antibody interaction causes release of histamine (strong vasodilator) from some WBCs and tissue cells. Agglutinated red blood cells become impacted in the small blood vessels leading to their obstruction. Manifestations of hemolytic transfusion reaction 1. Pain all over the body particularly at the site of injection due to block of blood vessels by agglutinated RBCs. 2. Hypotension and shock due to release of histamine. 3. Yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes (.i.e. hemolytic jaundice) due to increased blood level of bilirubin. 4. Renal damage and acute renal failure because of hypotension.  2. Delayed complications 1. Transmission of disease.e.g. hepatitis, AIDS and malaria. 2. Hyperkalemia(with massive transfusion) leading to arrhythmia. 3. Hypervolemia (with massive transfusion) which may lead to heart failure 4. Tetany (muscle spasm) due to decreased ionized blood calcium because of citrate (citrate is added to blood in the blood bag as an anticoagulant to prevent blood coagulation in the blood bag).  Anemia It is decreased hemoglobin content or red blood cell count or both + -  Manifestations of anemia 1- Headache, dizziness. 2- Pallor 3- Easy fatigability Lack of concentrations  Iron an protein for hemoglobin synthesis. The bone marrow is depressed Vitamin B12 for division of due to irradiation , toxins, erythropoietic cells drugs or malignancy.