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Questions and Answers
What is blood transfusion?
The process whereby blood is taken from a healthy donor and after screening, is given to a recipient.
What components are used in modern blood transfusions?
Red blood cells (RBC) provide oxygen to the body's cells.
True
What determines a person's blood group in the ABO system?
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Who is considered Rh positive?
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The minimum weight for blood donation is ______ kg.
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Which of the following is a complication of blood transfusion?
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What is a criteria for blood donation regarding age?
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Match the following complications with their type:
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Iron overload can occur as a complication of massive transfusion.
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What is the definition of massive transfusion?
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Study Notes
Blood Transfusion Overview
- Blood transfusion involves transferring blood from a healthy donor to a recipient to restore lost blood volume, typically after trauma or surgery.
- Modern transfusions utilize blood components (red cells, plasma, platelets) rather than whole blood, enhancing efficiency and safety.
- Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen via hemoglobin, while plasma provides necessary proteins and substances for health.
Red Cell Antigens and Blood Groups
- Red cell antigens are proteins on RBC membranes, leading to the formation of antibodies in individuals lacking corresponding antigens.
- The ABO blood group system has three major types: A, B, AB, and O, classified by naturally occurring antigens present at birth.
- Antigens play a crucial role in agglutination complications during transfusions if mismatched blood types are utilized.
Rhesus System
- The Rhesus factor consists of multiple antigens, with the D antigen being the most significant in human blood.
- Individuals with D antigen are classified as Rh positive, while those without it are Rh negative.
- The inheritance of the Rhesus factor is dominant, influencing potential hemolytic disease in newborns.
Blood Donation Criteria
- Blood donors must meet specific health and safety criteria, including:
- Age: 17-70 years, no first-time donors over 65.
- Weight: Minimum of 50kg.
- Hemoglobin: 135g/L for men, 120g/L for women.
- Donation interval: At least 3 months since the last donation.
- Exclusions include recent pregnancy, surgeries, certain infections, and conditions like hypertension or diabetes.
Blood Storage and Preservation
- Blood collection requires strict aseptic techniques in sterile bags with citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) as an anticoagulant, keeping red blood cells viable for up to 21 days.
- Using CPDA-1 can extend the shelf-life to 35 days.
- Proper storage temperature is between 2-6 degrees Celsius to maintain blood viability.
Complications of Blood Transfusion
- Complications can be classified as immediate or delayed.
Immediate Complications
- Febrile non-hemolytic reactions, allergic/anaphylactic reactions, hemolytic reactions, bacterial contamination, circulatory overload, cardiac arrest, and air embolism.
Delayed Complications
- Thrombophlebitis, delayed hemolytic reactions, post-transfusion purpura, and the transmission of diseases such as viral hepatitis, malaria, and HIV, among others.
Prevention of Transfusion Hazards
- To safeguard recipients, measures include thorough donor selection, aseptic protocols, blood culture analysis, immunohaematological testing, discarding initial blood volumes, and leucodepletion to minimize adverse reactions.
Massive Transfusion
- Defined as a transfusion of 10 units of packed red blood cells within a 24-hour period, critical for life-threatening blood loss scenarios.
- Common settings for massive transfusions include traumatic injuries, gastrointestinal bleeding, and obstetric emergencies.
- Potential complications of massive transfusions include metabolic alkalosis, hypocalcemia, hypothermia, and hyperkalemia.
Importance of Understanding Transfusions
- Knowledge of blood transfusion practices and potential complications is essential for medical professionals to ensure patient safety and effective treatment.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of blood transfusion, including procedures, types of blood products, and potential complications that may arise during or after the transfusion process. It is designed for students and healthcare professionals seeking to deepen their understanding of transfusion medicine.
