Blood Notetaker 2020 PDF

A&P II BLOOD - Notetaker CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD  CONNECTIVE TISSUE  AMOUNT  COLOR  PH  VISCOSITY COMPONENTS OF BLOOD  Plasma:  Formed Elements: o Erythrocytes o Leukocytes o Platelets PLASMA FUNCT...

A&P II BLOOD - Notetaker CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD  CONNECTIVE TISSUE  AMOUNT  COLOR  PH  VISCOSITY COMPONENTS OF BLOOD  Plasma:  Formed Elements: o Erythrocytes o Leukocytes o Platelets PLASMA FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA Transportation pH balance Carries body heat: Role of liver: Role of muscles: 1  Nutrients (amino acids, glucose, fats, etc) Water Proteins Hormones Plasma Gases Waste Products (urea, Electrolytes nitrogen, others) Made up of 91% ____________ Serum vs. Plasma? Plasma proteins (many are made by the liver) – Clotting factors – Albumin – pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to help maintain normal _________ – Globulins – Fibrinogens BLOOD CELLS BLOOD CELL FORMATION  Stem cells o RBC  reticulocyte o WBC o PLATELETS 2 RED BLOOD CELLS - ERYTHROCYTES EPO “ingredients” needed in order for RBC’s to be produced: – Vitamin B12 “extrinsic factor” Iron B12 – Intrinsic factor (produced by the ______) in Necessary for RBC order to absorb B12 production – Iron – EPO Folic Intrinsic – Folic acid & other vitamins Acid factor Structure:  Anucleate  Biconcave  Hemoglobin Labs: RBC Hgb Hct Male: 4.6-6.2 Male: 13-18 g/dl Male: 45%-52% million/mcL Female: 12-16 g/dl Female: 37% - 48% Female: 4.2-5.4 million/mcL Function: TRANSPORTATION Hemoglobin (iron) carries:  oxygen  carbon dioxide Life cycle Erythropoiesis: 3-5 days Circulate 120 days 3 Breakdown: Macrophages in liver & spleen breakdown the hemoglobin: – Globin broken down into amino acids, which used to make new proteins – Heme broken into: Iron: re-used Bilirubin: excreted into intestines as part of bile Blood Types: ABO Group Antigen: Antibody: Blood Types: - The name of each blood type is the name of the antigen(s) present on the RBCs. - Two types of antigens: A & B - Antibodies are found in the plasma for the antigens not present on the RBCs. 4  Blood Type Antigen Present: Antibody Present: Can Receive: A B AB O Rh Factor Rh+  antigen is present  no anti-Rh antibodies will ever be made Rh-  no antigen, no anti-Rh antibodies  BUT if receives Rh+ blood, will form antibodies o Receive transfusion of Rh+ blood o Become pregnant with Rh+ fetus  Problems with 2nd transfusion or subsequent pregnancies after first: antibodies will attack and destroy the RBC’s Blood type Can receive Blood type Can receive A+ AB+ A- AB- B+ O+ B- O- Universal donor: __________ because there are no _______ on the RBC’s Universal recipient: ___________ because the patient has no _______ to react with donated RBC’s 5 WHITE BLOOD CELLS - LEUKOCYTES Structure  Contain nucleus  Contain other structures; some look like granules when stained Types of WBC’s Most abundant Neutrophils Immature: called “band cells” Phagocytosis Numerous in respiratory & GI tract lining Eosinophils Allergic reactions Kill parasites Basophils Secrete heparin & histamine Long term immunity Lymphocytes Two types: T & B Largest of the WBC’s Monocytes Phagocytosis Turn into macrophages Labs WBC count: 5,000-10,000 /mcL Leukopenia: Leukocytosis: Differential count - Bands 6 PLATELETS - THROMBOCYTES Structure: Fragments; Survive about 7 days Labs: Platelet count: 150,000 – 300,000 Thrombocytopenia: low platelet count Function: stop bleeding (hemostasis) 3 steps of hemostasis: Step 1: Vascular spasm: contraction of blood vessels near injury (vasoconstriction) Step 2: Platelet plug Rough surface causes platelets to become “sticky” Step 3: chemical clotting 7  Goal: Form Fibrin, the Fibrinogen protein that makes up a blood clot Setting the stage: Calcium Prothrombin Ingredients needed for a clot Vitamin Clotting K factors Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Calcium & Prothrombin Thrombin Clotting activator converts factors made converts fibrinogen to by liver prothrombin fibrin combine with: to thrombin Fibrin forms Chemicals the clot: a from platelets mesh that and/or traps RBC’s & damaged platelets tissue Form prothrombin activator 8  Dissolution of Blood Clots Clot retraction - Platelets & fibrin threads contract and shrink Fibrinolysis - A chemical called plasmin dissolves the fibrin meshwork Prevention of blood clots:  Smooth endothelium  Blood flow  Heparin  Naturally produced by basophils Test your understanding:  The stimulus for clotting is _________ or _________.  Where are many protein clotting factors produced?  Which vitamin and electrolyte in particular are needed for clotting?  Which blood type is considered the universal donor? The universal recipient? 9