Blood Coagulation Dentistry Physiology Lab 1A PDF

Hemostasis is the mechanism that leads to cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel. It is a process that involves multiple interlinked steps. This cascade culminates into the formation of a “plug” that closes up the damaged site of the blood vessel controlling the bleeding Primary hemostasis is d...

Hemostasis is the mechanism that leads to cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel. It is a process that involves multiple interlinked steps. This cascade culminates into the formation of a “plug” that closes up the damaged site of the blood vessel controlling the bleeding Primary hemostasis is defined as the formation of the primary platelet plug. This serves to plug off small injuries especially in microvessels Secondary hemostasis refers to the deposition of insoluble fibrin, which is generated by the proteolytic coagulation cascade. This insoluble fibrin forms a mesh that is incorporated into and around the platelet plug Primary hemostasis is the formation of a weak platelet plug which is achieved in four phases: vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion, platelet activation, and platelet aggregation. Vasoconstriction is the initial response whenever there is vessel injury Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a platelet agonist that causes platelet shape change and aggregation as well as generation of thromboxane A2 Platelet plug formation, also known as primary hemostasis, is the first step of hemostasis and is the process where a platelet plug forms to prevent further loss of blood from a damaged vessel Blood clotting, or coagulation, is an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in your plasma (the liquid part of blood) work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury Secondary hemostasis refers to the deposition of insoluble fibrin, which is generated by the proteolytic coagulation cascade. This insoluble fibrin forms a mesh that is incorporated into and around the platelet plug The extrinsic pathway is the shorter pathway of secondary hemostasis. Once the damage to the vessel is done, the endothelial cells release tissue factor, which goes on to activate factor VII to factor VIIa. Factor VIIa goes on to activate factor X into factor Xa. The intrinsic pathway consists of factors I, II, IX, X, XI, and XII. Respectively, each one is named fibrinogen, prothrombin, Christmas factor, Stuart-Prower factor, plasma thromboplastin, and Hageman factor The common pathway consists of factors I, II, V, VIII, and X. The factors circulate through the bloodstream as zymogens and are activated into serine proteases. These serine proteases act as a catalyst to cleave the next zymogen into more serine proteases and ultimately activate fibrinogen The extrinsic pathway is the shorter pathway of secondary hemostasis. Once the damage to the vessel is done, the endothelial cells release tissue factor, which goes on to activate factor VII to factor VIIa. Factor VIIa goes on to activate factor X into factor Xa. In molecular biology, the term intrinsic pathway may refer to multiple cascades of protein interactions: The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (also known as the mitochondrial pathway, intracellular pathway, or intrinsic apoptosis), cell death initiated by changes in mitochondria The common pathway consists of factors I, II, V, VIII, and X. The factors circulate through the bloodstream as zymogens and are activated into serine proteases. These serine proteases act as a catalyst to cleave the next zymogen into more serine proteases and ultimately activate fibrinogen Coagulation factor tests are blood tests that check one or more of your clotting factors to see if you: Have too much or too little of a clotting factor. Are missing a clotting factor. Have a clotting factor that isn't working properly Bleeding time is a medical test that measures how fast small blood vessels in the skin stop bleeding. Because it is difficult to perform correctly, it is rarely used today. The bleeding time test is used to evaluate how well a person's blood is clotting Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are used to test for the same functions; however, in aPTT, an activator is added that speeds up the clotting time and results in a narrower reference range PT is the time in seconds that it takes plasma to clot after the addition of phospholipid, tissue factor (factor III), and calcium to the specimen. aPTT is the time in seconds that it takes plasma to clot after the addition of a contact agent that fully activates factors XII along with calcium and phospholipids Epistaxis is the medical term for a nosebleed hemoptysis: coughing up blood is common and can have many Purpura is a collection of causes small blood pools hematuria: Blood in your urine beneath the skin Menorrhagia is heavy menstrual bleeding. If you bleed for more than seven Ecchymosis is the days or change pads every hour, you may have menorrhagia. medical term for bruises. Petechiae are tiny spots of bleeding under the skin or in the mucous These form when blood membrane's (mouth or eyelids). pools under your skin Circumcision is a common procedure that removes the foreskin covering the head (glans) of the penis Wisdom tooth extraction, also called removal, is a surgical procedure to take out one or more wisdom teeth is an autoimmune primary disorder of hemostasis characterized by a low platelet count in the absence of other causes. ITP often results in an increased risk of bleeding from mucosal surfaces (such as the nose or gums) or the skin (causing purpura and bruises). Uremia is a buildup of waste products in your blood that occurs as a result of untreated kidney failure Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a blood disorder. With this disease, you have a lower amount of platelets than normal in your blood. Platelets are blood cell fragments that help with blood clotting. Having fewer platelets can cause easy bruising, bleeding gums, and internal bleeding hemophilia A, is a hereditary hemorrhagic disorder resulting from a congenital deficit of factor VIII that manifests as protracted and excessive bleeding either spontaneously or secondary to trauma Hemophilia B is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a lack of blood clotting factor IX. Without enough factor IX, the blood cannot clot properly to control bleeding Von Willebrand disease is a lifelong bleeding disorder in which your blood doesn't clot properly. People with the disease have low levels of von Willebrand factor, a protein that helps blood clot, or the protein doesn't perform as it should