Blok 1C Organ Reproduksi & Gametogenesis PDF

Organ Reproduksi & Gametogenesis E. Suryadi  conception cleavage Gametogenesis Ovum/ spermatozoo Zygot Mei...

Organ Reproduksi & Gametogenesis E. Suryadi  conception cleavage Gametogenesis Ovum/ spermatozoo Zygot Meiosi s adult Impl antation Blastula puberty organogenesis Reproductive critical period cycle Embryo pregnancy child fetus infant neomate partus/ lactasi delivery mi tosis  1. Organ reproduksi pria Testis Epidydimis Ductus defferens Ductus ejaculatorius Urethra Glandula seminalis,Glandula prostat, Glandula bulbourethralis Penis scrotum  Ductus ejaculatorius Bulbus penis preputeum Struktur testis & Tubulus seminiferus  Sel-sel pada tubulus seminiferous Testis Dinding tubulus seminiferus Jaringan interstitialis  SPERMATOGENESIS Is the transition from spermatogonia to mature spermatozoa The spermatogonia begin to increase in number at puberty Three principal phases - mitotic multiplication - meiosis - spermiogenesis=spermatid metamorphosis The time necessary to produce a spermatozoa from a pale A spermatogonia about 74 days  MITOTIC MULTIPLICATION After several mitotic divisions, the spermatogonia grow and undergo gradual changes which transform them into primary spermatocytes Spermatogonia have been subdivided into two main population - A dark cell spermatogonia type as stem cell-that may be long term reserve cells - A pale cell spermatogonia typethese cells become mitotic active and - which ultimately give rise to type B spermatogonia B Spermatogoniaprimary spermatocytes  MEIOSIS From primary spermatocyte to spermatid Each primary spermatocyte undergoes a reduction division to form two haploid secondary Spermatocytes for several week These secondary spermatocytes undergo a division to form four haploid spermatid for about 8 hours  SPERMIOGENESIS Nucleus begin to lose fluidthe compacted chromatin to constitute the bulk of head of the spermatozoa. The cytoplasm streams away from nucleus and leaving only a thin layer covering the nucleus At the apical end of sperm head, the golgi complex forms pro acrosomal granules to form the acrosome  Developing flagellum from centrioles The distal centriole moves away from the proximal one Mitochondria begin to form a spiral investment around the proximal part of flagellum The remaining cytoplasm becomes aggregated into a remnant (Residual body) Spermiogenesis Perkembangan spermatogonium Spermatocyt primer Spermatocyt secun spermatid Spermiogenesis Spermatozo Lamanya: 74 hari  Sperm Maturation Spermatozoa transit from the seminiferus tubulus to tail of epididymis (SPERMIASI) where they are retained until ejaculation. In this place sperm maturation occurs The metabolic apparatus of the spermatozoa becomes more capable of translating chemical energy to motility The head of the sperm becomes covered with a glycoprotein coating Spermiasi dilakukan oleh sel sertoli dengan melepaskan dan mendorong sehingga spermtozoa keluar dari tubulus seminiferus Pengaruh hormonal pada spermatogenesis  The hormonal regulation of reproductive function in men SPERMA/SEMEN  The mature spermatozoon consist of 1. a head containing nucleus and acrosome 2. a neck containing the proximal centriole 3. a middle piece containing: the proximal part of the flagellum, the centriole and the mitochondrial helix 4. the tail, a highly specialized flagellum Canalis inguinalis Ductus ejaculatori Bulbus penis preputeum  Urethra Pria Membranosa sempit yang berpangkal pada kandung kemih yang berfungsi juga menyalurkan air kemih dari kandung kemih keluar tubuh Urethra pada pria : – Berjalan berkelok-kelok melalui tengah-tengah prostate kemudian menembus lapisan fibrosa yang menghubungkan antar tulang pubis. – Digunakan sebagai tempat pengaliran urine juga dari system urinari.  lanjutan - urethra pada pria terdiri dari : urethra prostatica, urethra membranosa, urethra kavernosa - Lapisan urethra pria terdiri dari : Lapisan mukosa (lapisan paling dalam), lapisan submukosa, lapisan spongiosa, dan lapisan adventitia terdiri dari jaringan ikat.  Pembagian urethra Pria: Prostatic part : lewat gld. prostat.Panjang =3 cm Potongan transversal : berbentuk semilunar dan konveks pada bagian anterior, : – krista urethralis – colliculus seminalis : – sinus prostaticus Membranousa part : dikelilingi oleh spinchter urethrae eksterna. Potongan transversal berbentuk bintang (stellate). Spongiosa atau penile part: lewat bulbus dan corpus spongiosus penis. Panjang =15 cm Tempat terdilatasi/pelebaran : – fossa intrabulbaris – fossa navicularis (terminal)  2. Organ reproduksi Wanita 1. Ovarium = Oophor 2. tuba uterina = salphynx 3. uterus = metros = hyster 4. vagina = colpos 6. Vulva: mons pubis, labium majus, labium minus, clitoris, vestibulum vagina, glandula vestibularis major 7. Glandula mammae Organ genitalia feminina  Ovarium Morphologi Bulat memanjang agak pipih sehingga dapat dibedakan bagian-bagiannya yaitu: ekstremitas tubaria dan ekstremitas uterine, facies medialis, faciesclateralis; margo mesovarius disebelah ventral; margo liber disebelah dorsal.  Struktur: Komposisi ovarium terdiri dari bagian luar yang dinamakan cortex dan bagian dalam yang disebut medulla. Dinding ovarium dibungkus oleh lapisan tipis dinamakan tunica albuginea yang tersusun dari serabutserabut jaringan ikat yang membentuk reticular padat  Changes during oogenesis At birth the human ovaries contain about 1 million oocytes The complex of the ovum (oocyt) and its surrounding cellular as a follicle During change from primordial follicle to primary follicle - flattened granulosa cell become cuboidal granulosa cell. - oocytes enlarge from ± 15m to 100m - oocytes begins to produce the zona pelluzida Only about 400 oocytes will reach maturity and become ovulated  FOLLICULOGENESIS Pada manusia Oogenesis bersamaan dengan folliculogenesis Under predominantly FSH stimulation Follicle will grow in size, from 150m to 2-3 cm Granulosa and theca cell proliferate Increase oestrogen and progesteron Three stage of folliculogenesis 1. Recruitment - the gonadotropin dependent - some follicle leaves the restino primordial pool - occurs during days 1-4, menstrual cycle 2. Selection - to the species characteristic ovulatory quota - mechanism unclear - unknown criteria - days 5-7 of menstrual cycle 3. Dominance - usually only one follicle - the dominant follicle secretes a substance, its called selectron - selectron to inhibit the development of potentially competing follicle - a week before ovulation  OVULATION Around mid cycle, 14 days before menstrual Under the influence of FSH and LH 40 h after on set of the LH surge Before ovulation, meiosis 1 occurs, the first polar body is extruded and oocytes undergoes nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation The follicle undergoes a sudden growth spurt  Pre ovulatory swelling on the surface of the ovary A small oval avascular spot or the stigma The oocyte and some cells of the cumulus oophorus detach from the interior follicle The stigma ruptures and the oocyte is expelled with the follicular fluid  Complete the second meiotic division occurs after the sperm penetration or fertilization Expels the second polar body The ovum is now mature and its nucleus is known as the female pronucleus The ovum is usually fertilized within 12 hours after ovulation If for 24 hours nor fertilized yet, human ovum dies  Luteasi Pembentukan corpus luteum 1.Setelah ovulasi folikel yang telah kehilangan ovumnya mengalami hiperaemi menjadi berwarna merah sehingga dinamakan corpus rubrum. 2. Setelah stabil corpus rubrum menjadi kuning dan memproduksi hormon progresteron dan oestrogen dinamakan corpus luteum. 3. Jika tidak terjadi implantasi lalu degenerasi menjadi berwarna putih dinamakan corpus albican dan produksi hormon menjadi sangat rendah. Tetapi jika terjadi implantasi oleh pengaruh HCG dari konseptus maka corpus luteum akan dipertahankan menjadi corpus luteum gravidarum Gb skematis perubahan Struktur anatomi follikel Di ovarium Luteasi Folliculogenesis Ovulasi  Maturation and Differentiation In Female -Oogenesis sudah dimulai sejak fetus -Oogenesis kemudian dilanjutkan bersama-sama dengan folliculogenesis (perkembangan folikel) - begin at menarche (the first menstrual cycle) - Folliculogenesis/hormonogenesis/ steroidogenesis - Oogonia/oocytes not enveloped by the granuloses cell layer become atretic/death  jumlah sel telur pada Wanita terbatas  menopause In male - Spermatogenesis three phases: mitotic, meiotic, spermiogenesis  Uterus bentuknya seperti buah avocad tetapi agak pipih Dari padanya dapat dibedakan : fundus; corpus, dan cervix. Facies vesicalis; facies intestinalis ; margo lateralis kanan dan kiri. Batas antara corpus dan cervix ada penyempitan dinamakan isthmus uteri. Dari bagian dalam dalam corpus dan fundus disana ada cavum uteri sedangkan di dalam cervix disana ada saluran disebut canalis cervicalis antara keduanya ada isthmus uteri.  Uterus Struktur dindingnya tersusun dari dalam keluar yaitu: endometrium; myometrium dan perimetrium.  Endometrium mempunyai epithelium columnair selapis, lamina propria terdiri dari jaringan pengikat selular yang sedikit serabut collagen. Didalam lamina propria terdapat kelenjar-kelenjar tubular. Edometrium dibedakan menjadi 2 lapisan yaitu lamina fungsionalis dan lamina basalis.Ketebalan endometrium pars fungsionalis ini mengalami perubahan sesuai masa siklus menstruasi, dan akan luruh pada waktu fase menstruasi dari siklus menstruasi. Perubahan2 pada Cyclus menstruasi Perubahan pd uterus OVULATION Tuba tempat pembuahan &perkembangan minggu pertama setelah konsepsi Uterus tempat pertumbuhan & perkembangan selama kehamilan  KEPUSTAKAAN Tortora, GJ & Derrickson, B. 2006 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Willey & Sons.inc USA..... 2000 The World’s Best Anatomical Charts: Systems & Structures. Springhouse Corporation Grant JCB 1951 An atlas of anatomy. The Williams and Wilkins company. USA Moore K.L.,Persaud T.V.N. The Developing Human edisi ke-7. Saunder. USA 2008. 16-42 Carlson B.M.Patten’s Foundations of Embryology edisi ke-6.McGraw-Hill.New York.1996.121-143 TERIMA KASIH