DRRR - Barkada Kontra Bagsak PDF

DISASTER READINESS A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread AND RISK REDUCTION human, material, economic, or environmental...

DISASTER READINESS A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread AND RISK REDUCTION human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of (STEM) the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. (UNISDR) 3rd Quarter | 2nd Semester Disaster Risk - It is expressed as the Made by: Ezekiel Klein Ramos likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction and damage from a disaster in a given period of time. LESSON 1: BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK ELEMENTS OF DISASTER RISK Vulnerability - Is defined as a condition Hazard - A dangerous phenomenon, resulting from physical, social, substance, human activity, or condition economic, and environmental factors or that may cause loss of life, injury or processes, which increases the other health impacts, property damage, susceptibility of a community to the loss of livelihoods and services, social impact of a hazard. and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Exposure - Is another element of disaster risk and refers to that which is CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS affected by natural disasters, such as people and property. Natural Hazard - Naturally occurring physical phenomena caused by either DISASTER RISK FACTORS rapid or slow onset events which can be Variables that either aggravate or geological, hydrological, climatological, mitigate the effects of hazards, affecting meteorological, or biological. the degree or scope of a disaster. Man-made Hazard - Events caused by Physical Factors humans and occur in or close to human Psychological Factors Settlements. Socio-cultural Factors Economic Factors When does hazard become a Political Factors Disaster? Biological Factors A hazard becomes a disaster when it actually occurs, and when it occurs in such a way that people are harmed. LESSON 2: DISASTER AND ITS EFFECTS Physical Perspective - Calamities are phenomena that cause great physical damage in a community infrastructure, Effects of Natural Disasters to Human its people, and their properties, e.g, houses and environmental sources of Displaced Population - People are Living. considered displaced when they are forced to flee or leave their place of Effects of physical disasters - Injuries, habitual residence – either by crossing physical disabilities or illness, sanitation, an international border or by moving damage in infrastructure. within their own country – because of armed conflict, situations of generalized Psychological Perspective - Victims of violence, human rights violations or disasters may suffer from PTSD and natural disasters. other serious mental health conditions, which are not being given much Health Risk - Include injuries, attention to by the authorities or infections, mental health issues, and even by the victims, themselves. access to medical care due to disrupted Psychological effects of a disaster: Infrastructure. Emotional - Shock, terror, grief, loss of Food Scarcity - Can lead to pleasure derived from material activities, malnutrition, hunger-related illnesses, and difficulty of being loved. and exacerbation of existing health conditions due to inadequate access to Cognitive - Self-blame, disbelief, Nourishment. impaired concentration, memory impairment, nightmares, and confusion. Emotional Aftershock - Refers to the psychological impact such as anxiety, Physical - Fatigue, exhaustion, depression, PTSD, and other mental insomnia, headaches, and health challenges experienced by cardiovascular strain. survivors in the aftermath of a traumatic Interpersonal - Social withdrawal, Event. alienation, distrust, feeling abandoned, and impaired work performance. PTSD - Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Socio-cultural Perspective - What the DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE OF A people living at risk know and do about DISASTER natural hazards and disaster risks is mediated by a range of factors including social conditions and cultural settings. Socio-cultural Perspective Effects: LESSON 3: VULNERABILITY ​ Change in individual roles ​ Disruption of social relationships Vulnerability is a state of being at risk. It ​ Personal connections is defined as the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system Economic Perspective - Causes or resource that make it susceptible to perturbation to the functioning of the the damaging effects of a hazard. economic system, with significant negative assets, production factors, Republic Act 10121 - Philippine output, employment, and consumption. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 Economic Effects of a Disaster: Loss of life Vulnerability is situation specific - Unemployment This means that if a specific province is Loss of property, household prone to earthquakes, it does not mean articles, crops, and public that all localities in that province are Infrastructure. vulnerable to it. Political Perspective - Natural Vulnerability is hazard specific - A disasters are commonly thought to be community that is vulnerable to less politically contentious than armed earthquake hazard does not necessarily Conflicts. mean that it is also vulnerable to typhoons. Biological Perspective - The disturbing Factors affecting vulnerability of effects caused by a prevalent kind of one’s community disease or virus in an epidemic or pandemic level is known as biological Population density near a disaster. hazard event. Capacity and efficiency to Biological Perspective Effects: reduce Disaster Risk. Loss of lives Public Demobilization Exposure - At risk property and Negative economic effect population. Unemployment Resistance - Measures taken to Hunger prevent, avoid or reduce loss. Resilience - Ability to recover prior state or achieve desired post-disaster state. TYPES OR SECTOR OF Landslides - Seismic vibration is acommon VULNERABILITY triggering mechanism forlandslides. Landslides Physical Vulnerability can have particularly devastating effects like Economic Vulnerability floods, blocking of rivers, death, and Social Vulnerability damage to land and natural resources. Environmental Vulnerability Landslides can be prevented by reinforcing slope material, modifying the pathway for surface and underwater and by putting piles and retaining walls. LESSON 5: TYPES OF HAZARDS Natural hazards - Arise from natural Tsunami - A tsunami is a huge sea processes in the environment. wave triggered by a violent displacement of the Quasi-natural hazards - Arise through ocean floor. Underwater earthquakes, volcanic the interaction of natural processes and eruptions or landslides can cause tsunamis. As it human activities. approaches a shallow coastline, its speed Technological (or man-made) hazards decreases, but the height of the tsunami increases - Arise directly as a result of human drastically, bringing so much damage to Activities. nearby communities. Tsunamis can also overwhelm sewage systems, destroy structures, and kill people. Liquefaction - Earthquake motion can LESSON 6: EARTHQUAKE HAZARD turn loosely packed, water-saturated soil AND RISK REDUCTION METHODS to liquid— "liquefaction.” Liquefied soil Primary effects - Are permanent becomes less compact and ultimately features an earthquake can bring out. loses the ability to support roads, buried Examples include fault scarps, surface pipes, and, of course, houses. It is ruptures, and offsets of natural or caused by vibration or saturation with human-constructed objects. water which causes the soil to decrease Secondary effects - Happen when in density. This poses danger for it leads ground movement results in other types to unstable structures of buildings due to of destruction. ground subsidence. Examples include landslides, tsunami, Fires - Earthquakes cause fires. Even liquefaction, and fire. moderate ground shaking can break gas and electrical lines, sever fuel lines, and overturn stoves. To further complicate things, water pipes rupture, so it would be impossible to extinguish the fire. LESSON 7: VOLCANIC ERUPTION Volcanic earthquakes - Are caused by the movement of magma or fluids underground and are often too small to Lava (molten rock) - Can erupt as fire detect without instruments. Because fountains or lava flows (when it is runny) or as significant seismic activity precedes steep-sided domes (when it is viscous). Lava most eruptions, especially when a may destroy buildings and infrastructure, but it volcano has not erupted for hundreds or moves relatively slowly so is rarely a direct thousands of years, volcanic threat to people. earthquakes are a valuable tool for monitoring volcanoes and forecasting Pyroclastic flows - Are hot avalanches Eruptions. of rock, ash, and gas that travel down volcano slopes at high speeds. They Tsunamis - Are water waves that can may be very dangerous close to a result from submarine eruptions or from volcano. volcanic landslides into large bodies of water, although submarine earthquakes are a more frequent cause of tsunamis. Phreatic explosions - Are explosions caused by the interaction of water with Volcanic gases - Bubble out of lava or hot rock or magma (lava). escape through soil or vents in the ground. The most common volcanic Lahars - Are hot or cold mixtures of gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, water and volcanic debris that form sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen when volcanic materials interact with sulfide, and carbon monoxide. Some of water, ice, snow, or loose wet these gases are irritating or poisonous, sediments. Lahars are most dangerous close to a volcano, but large lahars may Tephra - Consists of rock fragments rapidly travel many tens of kilometers ejected from a volcano. Volcanic ash is from a volcano, along river valleys, so tephra smaller than 2 mm (and may be they can pose a threat to people and as small as thousandths of a millimeter), infrastructure far beyond the volcano’s while larger fragments are called lapilli Slopes. or bombs and blocks. Blocks and bombs fall to earth within a few kilometers of a Landslides - Collapses of large parts of volcano, but ash may be ejected high a volcano may occur with or without into the atmosphere and carried accompanying eruptions and may hundreds or thousands of kilometers transform into lahars if significant water downwind. is available. Because many volcanoes are steep and unstable, landslides frequently pose a hazard even when a volcano is dormant (not erupting). LESSON 8: SIGNS OF IMPENDING The parameters used to monitor volcanoes are: VOLCANIC ERUPTION 1. Ground deformation – Any surface More volcanic earthquakes with changes on a volcano (subsidence rumbling sounds and tremors suggest /sinking, tilting, bulging); often use of magma movement and gas release, tiltmeters as well as satellite imaging typical signs of an impending eruption. which results in less exposure on the ground or safer for volcanologists. Increased steaming, turning steam color However, interpretation needs field from white to gray due to ash, indicates verification sometimes. magma nearing the surface and potential violent eruptions. 2. Seismic Activity – When magma rises, it breaks rock along the way. Glowing crater indicates magma Thus, earthquakes are generated. reaching the surface and forming lava. Monitoring of quakes/tremors is done by Ground swelling, tilting, and cracking using a seismometer that determines result from magma intrusion and which patterns of seismic waves movement underground. precede an eruption. Local landslides and rockfalls near the 3. Gases – Monitor types and rate of summit, not due to rain, result from emission of different gases; magma rise weakening rocks. Concentrations of gases are sometimes Vegetation drying on upper slopes due high enough to create acid rain that kills to rising magma heat. vegetation around the volcano; collection of samples from vents directly Hot springs, well, and crater lake with the use of remote sensing temperature rise due to increasing instruments that identify and quantify the volcano heat. present gases. Changes in chemical content of springs 4. Sensory observations (by people and lakes indicate magma interaction living near volcano) Underground. Visual – Intensified presence of steam; drying up of vegetation, Drying of springs and wells due to wells/spring/lake; crater glow at seismic activity and surface heat the mouth of the volcano increase from magma. New thermal areas or reactivation of old ones signify magma movement and interaction with groundwater.  Auditory – Rumbling sounds are Heard. Olfactory – Observed foul smell (usually rotten egg caused by sulfur) caused by presence of volcanic gases Tactile – Ground movement/ earthquake is felt