Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction PDF

DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION DONALD C. DUMRIQUE Teacher What is Disaster and Disaster Risk? PHILIPPINES : A Country Prone To Natural...

DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION DONALD C. DUMRIQUE Teacher What is Disaster and Disaster Risk? PHILIPPINES : A Country Prone To Natural Disasters DISASTER It is "a sudden, calamitous occurrence that causes great harm, injury, destruction, and devastation to life and property”. It disrupts the usual course of life, causing both physical and emotional distress such as an intense feeling of helplessness and hopelessness( ADPC, 2012). DISASTER It is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the community or society to cope using its own resources”( FAO, 2008). DISASTER are often a result of the combination of: a. The exposure to a hazard. b. Insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences. CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS: NATURAL DISASTERS CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS: MAN-MADE DISASTERS  THREE CATEGORIES OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS 1. TECHNOLOGICAL/INDUSTRIAL 2. TERRORISM/VIOLENCE 3. COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES RISK AND DISASTER RISK RISK -“the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences”( UNISDR, 2009) RISK AND DISASTER RISK DISASTER RISK - Refers to the potential ( not actual and realized) disaster losses , in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services which could occur in a community or society over some specified future time period. RISK AND DISASTER RISK DISASTER RISK -product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community. It should be noted that the effect of a hazard (of a particular magnitude) would affect communities differently (Von Kotze, 1999:35). ELEMENTS OF DISASTER RISK 1.EXPOSURE- the elements at risk from a natural or man- made hazard event (Quebral, 2016).  ELEMENTS OF DISASTER RISK 2. HAZARD-potentially dangerous physical occurrence, phenomenon or human activity that may result in loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation. ELEMENTS OF DISASTER RISK 3. VULNERABILITY - the condition determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United nation, FAO 2008). CAPACITY “ the combination of all the strength , attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals”  DISASTER RISK EQUATION DISASTER RISK=HAZARD x VULNERABILITY CAPACITY RISK FACTORS - are processes or conditions, often development-related, that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity  Factors to be Considered underlying Disaster Risk 1. Severity of exposure 2. Gender and Family 3. Age 4. Economic status of country  Factors which underlie disasters: 1. Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE: “directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”(UNFCCC). 2. Environmental Degradation 3. Globalized Economic Development 4. Poverty and Inequality 5. Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development 6. Weak Governance Effects of Disasters on One’s Life  What is the difference between hazard and disaster? HAZARD is a dangerous situation or event that carries a threat to humans. DISASTER is an event that harms humans and disrupts the operations of society. NOTE: Hazards can only be considered disasters once it affected humans. If a disaster happened in an unpopulated area, it is still a hazard.  The Human Effect of Natural and Man- Made Disasters 1.Displaced Populations  The Human Effect of Natural and Man- Made Disasters 2.Health Risks  The Human Effect of Natural and Man- Made Disasters 3.Food Scarcity  The Human Effect of Natural and Man- Made Disasters 4.Emotional Aftershocks Ways on how to plan ahead of a disaster: 1.Check for hazards at home. 2.Identify safe place indoors and outdoors 3.Educate yourself and family members 4.Have Disaster kits/supplies on hand. 5.Develop an emergency communication plan. 6.Help your community get ready. 7. Practice the Disaster Preparedness Cycle Disaster Preparedness Plan: Disasters from Different Perspectives  The Different Perspectives of Disaster 1.Physical perspective Calamities are phenomena that cause great physical damage in a community infrastructure, its people and their properties, e.g. houses and environmental sources of living. These cited effects of a disaster can be easily measured and the most common.  The Different Perspectives of Disaster Effects of Physical Disasters -Injuries -Physical disabilities or illness -Sanitation -Damage in infrastructure 2.Psychological Perspective Victims of disasters may suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other serious mental health conditions, which are not being given much attention to by the authorities or even by the victims, themselves. Psychological effects of a Disaster: distress hopelessness intrusion/avoidance emotional effects hatred/revenge cognitive Effects dependence/insecurities physical Effects grief/withdrawn/isolation interpersonal effect guilt feeling helplessness lack of trust 3.Socio-cultural Perspective Filipinos are generally known as “matiisin”, resourceful, helpful, optimistic, and prayerful. The culture of “malalampasan din natin ‘to..” belief and “ bahala na and Diyos” syndrome give hope to most Filipino in the midst of a disaster. Such perspective helps a lot especially those who belong to the marginalized sector to be hopeful and continue fighting against any challenge at hand. Socio-Cultural Effect of Disasters change in individual roles disruption of social relationships and personal connections 4.Economic Perspective Disasters affect the economic condition of a community because they reduce local and international trade. It can also partially or totally paralyze a country’s transportation system, just like what happened in the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic Effects of Disasters -loss of life -unemployment -loss of property -loss of household articles -loss of crops -loss of public infrastructure 5.Political Perspective The effects of a natural disaster and the resulting distribution of humanitarian aid are profoundly linked to politics. Political Effects of a Disaster People who have trust in political institution will assess the government’s risk assessments as credible and accept their hazard policies (Johnson 1999) Low level of trust in public institutions therefore means that citizens may ignore the recommendations and disregard the information provided by these institutions (McCaffey 2004). If individuals are confident that they will receive sufficient aid from the government when a disaster occurs, they might not be motivated to take measures on their own (King and Kang 2000) 6.Biological Perspective The disturbing effects caused by a prevalent kind of disease or virus in an epidemic or pandemic level is known as biological disaster. (a)Epidemic Level: Biological disaster affects large numbers of people within a given community or area. Ex: Dengue. (b)Pandemic Level: Biological disaster affects a much large region, sometime spanning entire continents or the globe Effects of Biological Disasters loss of lives public demobilization negative economic effect unemployment hunger VULNERABILITY Do we have the same vulnerability to all forms of disasters? Vulnerability Is a state of being at risk According to Republic Act 10121 also known as ‘Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010’, vulnerability is defined as the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or resource that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Vulnerability is also situation specific. It is also hazard specific. Vulnerability This can determine the ability of an person or a group to predict, cope with, resist and recover from the effects of a natural or human-induced threat. Vulnerability As vulnerability increases, it means that the population is at greater risk of suffering from a severe natural danger. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANNING MITIGATION involves preventive measures to reduce vulnerabilities. In healthcare, these include structural hardening and non- structural measures such as laws, guidelines, and surveillance. EXAMPLES: SB NO. 1578= MANDATORY NATIONWIDE SIMULTANEOUS EARTHQUAKE DRILL DM 003 S 2023= MANDATORY UNANNOUNCED EARTHQUAKE DRILL PREPAREDNESS builds capabilities to manage the impact of hazards and includes drills and exercises, education, and stockpiling supplies. RESPONSE -an action to reduce adverse actions during the disaster such as triage, treatment, and management of patient flow RECOVERY -involvesactions to restore areas affected by the disaster to pre-disaster operations such as normal surgical schedules and billing procedures VULNERABILITY IN DISASTER Sectors of Society’s Vulnerability to Disaster  Factors affecting vulnerability of one’s community: 1.Population density near a hazard event. Population refers to the number of individuals inhabiting in a particular space at the same time. If people are well distributed, there is lesser effect of disaster. Population density refers to the number of individuals living in an area in relation to the size of an area. NOTE: The primary consideration is not the population size but the population density. 2.Capacity and efficiency to reduce Disaster Risk. Community that is less vulnerable has the capacity to reduce disaster risk because; 1.It can provide accessibility and availability of services and facilities during and after disaster. 2.It has the ability to anticipate, adapt, and respond to possible disaster.  Vulnerabilities of Different Elements Exposed to Hazards Physical vulnerability includes population density levels, place of a settlement, the site design, and materials used for infrastructure and housing. When hazardous events occur, normally physical elements are severely damaged. Social vulnerability due to inability of people, organization, and societies to prevent severe effects from hazards because of the expected behavior in social interactions, institutions, and system of cultural values Economic vulnerability is based on the economic status of individuals, communities, and nations The poorer the country, the more vulnerable to disasters Environmental vulnerability caused by natural resources depletion and destruction  The Philippines has high vulnerability due to the following reasons:  It lies in the Pacific typhoon belt and we are visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year. Rugged nature of the landscape makes it vulnerable to landslide, mudflows, and other disasters.  It is an archipelagic country with many small islands where some areas are at below sea level. It has the longest shoreline in the world at 32,400 km making it vulnerable  It is still a primary agricultural and fishing economy. With poor institutional and social capacity to manage, respond, and recover from natural hazard events.  With high level of poverty Aside from typhoon, it is also at risk to volcanic eruptions, quakes, and floods. HAZARD Hazard - is a harmful condition, substance, human behavior or condition that can cause loss of life, injury or other health effects, harm to property, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic disruption or damage to the environment. - Any risk which is imminent is threat. Exposure - is the presence of elements at risk or chance of being harmed from a natural or man-made hazard event. - Elements include the individuals, households or communities, properties, buildings and structures, agricultural commodities, livelihoods, and public facilities, infrastructures and environmental assets present in an area that are subject to potential damage or even losses. Vulnerability - the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset, that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard and inability of a community to prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond to Risk -implies the probability of possible adverse effects. -This results from the interaction of social and environmental systems, from the combination of physical danger, and exposed item vulnerabilities Disaster -is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community or society which causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the capacity of the community or society concerned to cope with the use of their own resources. Vulnerability -depends on the preparedness and readiness to a hazard of the community. -It depends mostly on how they mitigate, respond, and recover. If a certain community has the ability to reduce the vulnerability by reducing the risk, the said community is already considered as less vulnerable or resilient Disaster mitigation - are those that eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of hazards by means of proactive measures taken before an emergency or disaster takes place. - Mitigation is the action of reducing something's severity, seriousness, or painfulness. Hazard and Its Types Hazard and Its Types 1. Natural hazards - arise from natural processes in the environment. e.g. earthquakes, tsunami, 2. Quasi-natural hazards- arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities e.g. pollution or desertification, 3. Technological (or man-made) hazards- These arise directly as a result of human activities. e.g. accidental release of Hazards Signs and Symbols  OBJECTIVES: 1. Observe proper precautions signs and symbols in hazard areas; and 2. Appreciate the importance of observing precautionary measures  Technology or Man Made Hazards Signs and Symbols FLAME Flammable Self-heating Emits Flammable Gas Pyrophoric HEALTH HAZARD Reproductive toxicity Respiratory sensitizer Target organ toxicity Aspiration toxicity EXPLODING BOMB Explosives Self-reactives Organic Peroxides SKULL AND CROSSBONES Fatal or toxic Acute toxicity Natural Hazards Signs and Symbols Quasi-Natural Signs and Symbols ENVIRONMENT AQUATIC TOXICITY ENVIRONMENT AIR TOXICITY Hazard: Its Impact, Identification and Risk Assessment CATEGORIES OF HAZARD 1. Health Hazards 2. Occupational Hazards A hazard can also be classified into six types: 1. Biological 2. Chemical 3. Physical, 4. Safety 5. Ergonomic 6. Psychosocial. BIOLOGICAL Microorganism s( virus or toxin) that can adversely affect human health Biohazards CHEMICAL Substance that has the potential to cause harm to life or health Paints, drugs, cosmetics, cleaning chemicals, degreaser, detergents, refrigerant gases PHYSICAL Classes 1. Explosive 2. Flammable 3. Oxidising 4. Gases under pressure 5. Corrosive to metals SAFETY Most common and present in most workplaces at one time or another. Include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and death Spills on floors or tripping hazards(blocked aisles or cords. SAFETY ERGONOMIC Physical conditions that may pose a risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system. Awkward or static postures, high forces, repetitive motion or short intervals between activities PSYCHOLOGICAL Are aspects of the work environment and the way that work is organized that are associated with mental disorders. Occupational stress, violence, aggression, workplace bullying, depression, anxiety, PTSD and sleep disorders. IMPACTS OF HAZARDS  OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain the impacts of various hazards on different exposed elements. 2. Classify hazard impacts. 3. Perform hazard identification and risk assessment One way to classify hazard impacts is by means of general impact themes namely: Danger to life which includes physical and psychological harm and diseases Denial of access like energy, water, communication and transport access Damage to the physical PHYSICAL IMPACT - Physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds, bruises) - Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transportation system, roads, bridges, power lines and communication lines. - Wide spread destruction of housing and buildings PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT - Grief and psychological illness - Marital conflict - Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties - Chronic anxiety SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT - Displacement of population - Loss of cultural identity - Forced of adoption of new sets of culture - Ethnic conflicts ECONOMIC IMPACT - Loss of job due to displacement - Loss of harvest and livestock - Loss of farms, fish cages and other source of food - Loss of money and other valuables ENVIRONMENTAL - Loss of forest due to forest fires - Loss of fresh water due to salination - Disturbance of biodiversity - Loss of natural rivers BIOLOGICAL IMPACT - Epidemic to people, flora and fauna - Chronic and permanent illness caused by biological agents - Proliferation of different viral diseases Hazard identification -is the process of determining all physical and nonphysical agents in the workplace or specific environment. -Most occupational health and safety problems are caused by hazards which are not eliminated or managed. Risk Assessment - is a way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by taking into consideration the probability and severity of impact.  Steps in Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment. 1.Identify the hazards a. OBSERVATION b. MATERIALS SAFETY DATA SHEETS c. HAZARD AND RISK SURVEY d. DISCUSSION GROUPS e. SAFETY AUDITS. 2. Assess the Risk 3. Make the changes. - These changes include removing the hazard and replacing it with something less hazardous, engineering modifications like installation of exhausts, safety barriers and safety exits, modification of procedures, etc. 4. Checking the changes made. - It is essential that these changes made are monitored and checked. - It must be monitored if the changes done are being followed consistently and if these changes contribute to the improvement of safety management in the workplace. - This last step has to be done periodically to accurately assess the effectiveness of the entire process.