Biopsychology Lecture Notes PDF

Biopsychology Session 1 Lecture 1-4 1 Welcome! Name: Lisa Bevers E-mail: [email protected] 2  Tentamentrainingen blok 2b Practical information Session 1 4th of May 11-13...

Biopsychology Session 1 Lecture 1-4 1 Welcome! Name: Lisa Bevers E-mail: [email protected] 2  Tentamentrainingen blok 2b Practical information Session 1 4th of May 11-13 Lecture 1 - 4 Session 2 Lecture 5-7 5th of May 11-13 Partial Exam 1 - 8th of May 18:30-20:30 Session 3 Lecture 8 - 11 10th of June 11-13 Session 4 Lecture 12-14 11th of June 11-13 Partial Exam 2 - 12th of June 11:45-13:45 3  Today 1: The cellular Foundations of Behaviour ○ Approaches of Biopsychology ○ Cells of the nervous system ○ Action potential 2: Synapses ○ Properties of synapses ○ Chemistry at synapses Break 3: Anatomy and Research Methods ○ Anatomy of the Nervous system ○ Research methods 4: Genetics, Evolution, Development and Plasticity ○ Genetics and heritability ○ Development of Neurons ○ Brain damage 4  Chapter 1 Biopsychology Connect biology with psychology - Physiological - Ontogenetic (development) - Evolutionary Mind-brain model: - Functional (survival / fitness) Monism vs Dualism Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 5 2023/2024 ©  Neuroethics - Animal Research 2 oppositions Abolitionist No Animal research! Animal rights = Human rights Minimalist Experiment but only if Benefit > Harm 3 R's of animal ethics 1. Reduction 2. Replacement Inleiding 3. Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © Refinement 6 2023/2024 ©  Cells of the Nervous system 2 types of nerve cells 1. Neurons that receive and transmit information 2. Glia cells that hold neurons together Astrocytes Synapses & Blood-brain barrier Microglia Immune system Oligodendrocytes myelination (central NS) Schwann cells myelination (peripheral NS) Radial Glia migration of neurons during Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus embryonic development Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 7 2023/2024 © Quiz: match Glia Cell to their function 1. Myelination (peripheral NS) 2. Synapses & Blood-brain barrier 3. Myelination (central NS) 4. Immune system A. B. Mind-brain model: Which Cell is missing? ______ Monism vs Dualism Answer: 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © - Radial Glia C. D. 8 2023/2024 ©  Anatomy of a cell = powerhouse of the cell Chromosome storage synthesize new protein molecules Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © protein transport with protein channels 9 2023/2024 ©  Anatomy of a Neuron 1. Dendrite activate cell 2. Soma (cell body) 3. Axon 4. Nodes of Ranvier speed up axon potential 5. Presynaptic terminals release chemicals into synapse 6. Schwann Cell 7. Myelin sheath catalyzes the process Afferent (Approaching) or 8. Nucleus Efferent Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit (Exiting) Rotterdam 2023/2024Neuron © 10 2023/2024 © Quiz Q1. Where are proteins stored? 8. Nucleus Q2. Where are chemicals released? 5. Presynaptic channel Q3. What number corresponds to the 4. Nodes of Ranvier? 11  +30 Action potential Polarization = electrical gradient on the membrane Resting potential = unstimulated gradient of -70 mV Action potential = axons sending a message exciting gradient to +30 mV Refractory period = Resistance period after an action potential ○ Absolute refractory period = membrane cannot produce regardless of stimulation (Na+ channels) ○ Relative refractory period = membrane can only respond to stronger than usual stimulus (K+ channels) Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) pump Na+ gets into the cell (fast) K+ goes out of the cell (slower) Na K Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 12 2023/2024 ©  Tips and tricks Hyperpolarization Resting state is -70 mV All-or-none law due to slow K+ threshold -55 mV Larger stimulus = higher frequency action potential reaches +30 mV ○ except for local neurons (graded potential) 13  Practice Questions 1. What is not part of the 3 R's of animal ethics? Chapter 1 a. replacement b. restoration c. refinement d. reduction 2. believing that the brain and the mind are indivisible is called _______ 3. Astrocytes are a. neurons b. related to the immune system Terminology only in the exam bundle: c. wrap around synaptic terminal of axon - human research ethics - informed consent d. myelinate the peripheral nervous system - accountability - lack of diversity 4. Put the steps for an action potential in the correct order - Santiago Ramon y Cajal a. repolarization - Charles Sherrington - local anesthetic drugs b. stimulus passes threshold - endothelial cells c. Depolarization 1. B - glucose d. Hyperpolarization 2. monism - thiamine 3. C e. Restore to resting state 4. B, C, A, D, E 14  Chapter 2 - Synapses Synapse = the junction between 2 nerve cells - Temporal summation = repeated stimuli that have an accumulative effect -> high frequency action potentials - Spatial summation = stimuli from different locations that have an accumulative effect Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) Inhibitory postsynaptic Inleiding potential (IPSP) Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 15 2023/2024 ©  Chemistry at synapse 1. Synthesize neurotransmitters in axon terminal 2. Action potential 3. Calcium enters the cell at presynaptic terminal 4. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft 5. Neurotransmitters attach to receptors 6. Specific function of receptor is fulfilled 7. reuptake - to recycle the neurotransmitter for the presynaptic cell regulated by autoreceptors negative feedback loop - to stop the effect on the postsynaptic cell Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 16 2023/2024 ©  6 Categories of Neurotransmitters 1. Amino Acids 2. Acetylcholine 3. Neuropeptides 4. Purines 5. Gases e.g. nitric oxide, which dilates blood vessels in active areas of the brain 6. Monoamines e.g. epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 17 2023/2024 ©  Effect of neurotransmitter depends on the receptor Ionotropic effect quick and brief Excitatory uses glutamate Inhibitory uses GABA Metabotropic effect slower and long lasting G protein and GTP (guanosine triphosphate) Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 18 18 2023/2024 ©  Neuropeptides Neuropeptides/neuromodulators Neurotransmitters Synthesized in the cell body & dendrites Synthesized in the ______________ Axon terminal Spread out receptors Immediately adjacent receptors Gradual onset of effects Sudden onset of effects Seconds to minutes duration a few millisecond duration Metabotropic ____________effect Ionotropic _________ effect Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 19 2023/2024 ©  Drugs Chemically resemble a neurotransmitter Drug Resembles Effect LSD Serotonin Hallucinogenic effects (input from senses is overruled) Nicotine Acetylcholine Release of dopamine Opiate Endorphins (natural Ease pain pain killers) Stimulant Transporters Blocking reuptake of dopamine, serotonin etc. Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 20 2023/2024 ©  Hormones Chemicals produced by the endocrine glands Consist of amino acid chains that attach to membrane receptors Secreted in the blood Usually long-term effects Pituitary gland as master hormone gland - Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) - Posterior pituitary (neural tissue) which is an extension of hypothalamus Hypothalamus regulates circulating hormones - negative feedback system by releasing someInleiding Staats- inhibitory en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © hormones 21 2023/2024 ©  Practice Questions Chapter 2 1. What is responsible for the exocytosis of neurotransmitters? a. Sodium b. Potassium 1. D c. Chloride 2. accumulation of action d. Calcium potentials over time 3. C 4. B 2. Explain Temporal summation. 3. A receptor is attached to a Glutamate protein. What receptor is it? Terminology only in the exam bundle: a. excitatory metabotropic receptor - Reflex arc b. inhibitory metabotropic receptor - Sherrington c. excitatory ionotropic receptor - electrical synapse d. inhibitory ionotropic receptor 4. How do stimulant drugs work? a. Increase mood by enabling reuptake of serotonin b. Increase mood by blocking reuptake of serotonin c. Increase mood by enabling reuptake of dopamine d. Decrease mood by blocking reuptake of dopamine 22  Break 23  Chapter 3 - Nervous system Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © adrenaline and acetylcholine noradrenaline 24 2023/2024 ©  Anatomy Dorsal = back Ventral = stomach Anterior = front end Posterior = rear end Superior = above Inferior = below Lateral = side Medial = middle 3 planes: - horizontal - sagittal - coronal Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 25 2023/2024 ©  A B C 26  Spinal Cord - Central Nervous System (CNS) Communicates with all sense organs Dorsal root ganglia = clusters of sensory neurons on the outside of spinal cord motor neurons are found on the inside Grey matter = cell bodies & dendrites that regulate in and outgoing information White matter = myelinated axons transmit signals Each segment of the spinal cord: - sends sensory info to the brain - receives motor commands from the brain Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 27 2023/2024 ©  Major divisions in the brain Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 28 2023/2024 ©  Major divisions in the brain - Brainstem (MPC) Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum Medulla connects head and organs with 12 pairs of cranial nerves Pons acts as a bridge that enables axons of the other side of spinal cord to cross Cerebellum is related to movement and balance Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 29 2023/2024 ©  Major divisions in the brain - Midbrain Tectum, Superior and Inferior colliculus and Tegmentum Tectum is the roof of the midbrain Superior colliculus visual sensory processing Inferior colliculus auditory sensory processing Tegmentum contains substantia nigra, which produces a dopamine pathway related to movement and emotion Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 30 2023/2024 ©  All sensory Major divisions in the brain - Forebrain info except smell! Receives info from the contralateral side Limbic system consists of: ○ Thalamus = amplifies sensory info ○ Hypothalamus = basic processes (e.g. eating) ○ Amygdala = processing emotion (fear) ○ Hippocampus = creating memories ○ Basal ganglia = motivation, emotion and learning - Caudate nucleus - Putamen - Globus pallidus Cingulate gyrus Nucleus Basalis is related to attention Corpus Callosum connects the two hemispheres Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 31 2023/2024 ©  Cerebral Cortex Grey and white matter is inverted in the brain, compared to the spinal cord 6 distinct laminae = layers of cell bodies separated from each other by fiber layers Lamina IV - sensory cortex Lamina V - motor control organization in cortex related to laminae Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © Cerebral ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid to provide buoyancy and cushioning to the brain 32 2023/2024 ©  4 Lobes of the brain Occipital lobe Visual information Parietal lobe Somatosensory information Temporal lobe Auditory information Frontal lobe Motor cortex and rational thinking Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 33 2023/2024 ©  Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) 3 regions Posterior - movement Middle - working memory, cognitive control and emotional reactions Anterior - decision making Prefrontal lobotomy = surgical procedure to 'cure' schizophrenia or manic depression usually resulted in apathy, inability to plan and memory loss Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 34 2023/2024 ©  Research Methods 1. Brain Damage Effects 2. Brain stimulation effects 3. Recording of the brain Ablation = removal of brain area Optogenetics = using light to control Electroencephalography (EEG) Lesion = precise damage specific neurons. Requires: Magnetoencephalography (MEG) ○ requires a sham lesion (control ○ protein that responds to light Positron-emission tomography group) by creating an electrical current (PET-scan) Transcranial magnetic stimulation to ○ virus to insert protein into Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inactivate specific neurons specific neuron ○ functional MRI (fMRI) ○ thin optical fibers to shine onto Computerized axial tomography (CAT) neurons in narrow brain area 35  Neuroimaging Method Measures EEG electrodes to scalp electrical activity MEG electrodes to scalp magnetic waves PET scan insert radioactive tracer emissions of radioactive chemical MRI records hydrogen atom in Measure water content in different tissues magnetic field fMRI record hemoglobin with oxygen Measure brain activity by blood flow CAT inject a dye in the blood contrasted image to detect tumors Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 36 2023/2024 ©  Practice Questions 1. What neurons do you find in the dorsal root ganglia? Chapter 3 a. Sensory neurons, as they are outside of the spinal cord b. Motor neurons, as they are outside of the spinal cord c. Sensory neurons, as they are inside of the spinal cord d. Motor neurons, as they are inside of the spinal cord 2. What type of issues are expected when the cerebellum is injured? a. Inability to eat and drink b. Emotional regulation issues 1. A c. Balance and movement issues 2. C d. Loss of all sensory info except smell 3. Medulla, pons and cerebellum Terminology only in the exam bundle: 4. C - table 3.2 terms referring to parts of the NS 3. What does the hindbrain consist of? - Meninges - Large-scale integration problem 4. Which answer is incorrect? - Phrenology a. The parasympathetic NS is related to calming down b. The somatic NS is related to voluntary movement c. The autonomic NS is divided in the sympathetic and the somatic NS d. The somatic NS is divided in the sensory and motor NS 37  Chapter 4 - Genetics Genes consist of chromosomes made of DNA 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine 2. Template for Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 3. Building blocks to build Amino Acids to compose proteins Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 38 2023/2024 ©  Heritability Twin studies = compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins - Resemblance monozygotic > dizygotic proof genetic component - Resemblance monozygotic = dizygotic proof environmental influence Mendelian Genetics Homozygous = 2 copies of the same gene Heterozygous = unmatched pair of genes Dominant Recessive Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 39 2023/2024 ©  Sex linked genes Fur colour in cats is located on their X chromosome Colour blindness in humans: Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 8 % Men 0.04 % Women 40 2023/2024 ©  Genetic changes Deletion / duplication = alterations during cell division ○ mostly harmless, some are harmful, very rarely beneficial Epigenetics = alteration in gene expression due to environment Nucleosome ○ Acetyl groups relax the histone for gene expression ○ removal of acetyl tightens and deactivates a gene Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Chromatin fiber Rotterdam 2023/2024 © Nucleosome is DNA bound around a histone octamer 41 2023/2024 ©  Development of neurons What is formed by the cell to differentiate into 1. Proliferation (production of new cells) a neuron? 2. Migration to different parts of nervous system Dendrites, axons and synapses 3. Differentiation into a neuron 4. Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses) 5. Myelination (formation of insulating sheaths by glia cells) Only new neurons in embryological development, after infancy only modification of neuron shape except in basal ganglia and hippocampus Neurotrophin, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes survival and growth of axon Apoptosis (programmed cell death) if axon is not in contact with correct postsynaptic cell Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 42 2023/2024 ©  Brain damage Closed head injury = blow to the head without puncturing the brain Stroke / cerebrovascular accident = interruption of blood flow to a brain area leading to edema (accumulation of fluid) ○ Ischemia = blood clotting obstructing an artery (most common) ○ Hemorrhage = artery ruptures (less common) Solutions Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to break up blood clots ○ only works immediately after stroke Decreasing stimulation in brain by blocking Glutamate _________ as this is a excitatory protein ○ can be done by cannabinoids Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 43 2023/2024 ©  Practice Questions Chapter 4 1. A disease is only present in women and not in men. What can you assume about the related gene? a. It is a sex-linked gene to the Y chromosome b. It is a sex-linked gene to the X chromosome c. It is a recessive gene d. It is a dominant gene 2. _____ can be described as the environment switching genes on and off 3. How do Acetyl groups affect gene expression? a. Acetyl binds tightly making the gene ineffective b. Acetyl allows for the formation of nucleosomes Terminology only in the exam bundle: c. Acetyl creates mostly harmful mutations - Evolution d. Acetyl allows for the activation of the gene by relaxing - Kin selection how tightly bound it is - Fetal alcohol syndrome - Diaschisis 4. Put in the correct order: - Amphetamine a. Differentiation 1. B - Collateral sprouting b. Proliferation - Denervation supersensitivity 2. epigenetics c. Synaptogenesis 3. D d. Migration 4. B, D, A, C, E e. Myelination 44  Questions? vv Inleiding Staats- en Bestuursrecht Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 2023/2024 © 45 2023/2024 ©