Genetics Chapter 4
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Questions and Answers

What is the most likely explanation for a disease being present only in women and not in men?

  • The gene is sex-linked to the Y chromosome
  • The gene is sex-linked to the X chromosome (correct)
  • The gene is dominant
  • The gene is autosomal recessive

    • What is epigenetics?

  • The study of neurodevelopment
  • The study of genetic mutations
  • The study of neuroplasticity
  • The study of gene expression through environmental influences (correct)

    • What is the process by which Acetyl groups affect gene expression?

  • Acetyl groups form nucleosomes, which affect gene expression
  • Acetyl groups create mostly harmful mutations
  • Acetyl groups bind tightly to genes, making them ineffective
  • Acetyl groups relax the binding of genes, allowing for activation (correct)

    • What is the correct order of neural development?

    <p>Proliferation, differentiation, migration, myelination, synaptogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the growth of new neural connections in response to brain damage?

    <p>Collateral sprouting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which neurons adapt to changes in their environment?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of new neural connections between neurons?

    <p>Synaptogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which damaged brain areas are compensated for by other areas?

    <p>Diaschisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between homozygous and heterozygous genes?

    <p>Homozygous genes have two copies of the same gene, while heterozygous genes have an unmatched pair of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in terms of protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA serves as a template for RNA, which then builds amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the influence of genetics on the development of neurons?

    <p>Neurogenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alteration of gene expression due to environmental factors?

    <p>Epigenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a deletion or duplication of genetic material during cell division?

    <p>A genetic alteration that is mostly harmless, but can be harmful or beneficial in some cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of men affected by colour blindness, according to the text?

    <p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the somatic NS divided into?

    <p>Sensory nervous system and motor nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of acetyl groups in epigenetics?

    <p>To relax the histone and activate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in regulating hormones?

    <p>Regulating the release of inhibitory hormones through a negative feedback system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do hormones bind to in the bloodstream?

    <p>Membrane receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?

    <p>Producing hormones that regulate growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of action potentials over time in neurons?

    <p>Synaptic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is attached to a Glutamate protein?

    <p>Excitatory metabotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reflexive response to a stimulus, involving the activation of neurons and muscles?

    <p>Reflex arc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?

    <p>Producing hormones that regulate growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the long-term effects of hormone secretion on target cells?

    <p>Cellular differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a twin study that shows a higher resemblance between monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins?

    <p>Proof of genetic component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a pair of genes where one is dominant and the other is recessive?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alteration in gene expression due to environmental factors, rather than a change in the DNA sequence?

    <p>Epigenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a deletion or duplication of genetic material during cell division?

    <p>Harmless, beneficial, or harmful effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which acetyl groups affect gene expression?

    <p>Histone modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the influence of genetics on the development of neurons?

    <p>Neurogenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alteration in gene expression due to the binding of acetyl groups to histone proteins?

    <p>Gene activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the unit of chromatin composed of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer?

    <p>Nucleosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in regulating hormones?

    <p>To regulate the pituitary gland's hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do hormones bind to in the bloodstream?

    <p>G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?

    <p>To regulate hormone levels in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the long-term effects of hormone secretion on target cells?

    <p>Gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of action potentials over time in neurons?

    <p>Temporally summated potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is attached to a Glutamate protein?

    <p>Excitatory metabotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?

    <p>To secrete hormones that stimulate target glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reflexive response to a stimulus, involving the activation of neurons and muscles?

    <p>Reflex arc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely explanation for a disease being present only in women and not in men, assuming a single gene is responsible?

    <p>The gene is located on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of epigenetics in gene expression?

    <p>Epigenetics is the study of gene expression that is influenced by environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Acetyl groups affect gene expression?

    <p>Acetyl groups relax DNA, allowing for gene activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of neural development?

    <p>Proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the growth of new neural connections in response to brain damage?

    <p>Collateral sprouting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a deletion or duplication of genetic material during cell division?

    <p>Genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the influence of genetics on the development of neurons?

    <p>Neurogenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in terms of protein synthesis?

    <p>To provide the instructions for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System

    • The somatic nervous system is divided into the sensory and motor nervous systems.

    Genetics

    • Genes consist of chromosomes made of DNA.
    • DNA consists of four nucleotide bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine.
    • DNA is a template for RNA and provides the building blocks for amino acids to compose proteins.

    Heritability

    • Twin studies compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins to determine genetic and environmental influences.
    • If monozygotic twins show a greater resemblance, it indicates a genetic component.
    • If monozygotic twins show a similar resemblance to dizygotic twins, it indicates an environmental influence.

    Mendelian Genetics

    • Homozygous refers to having two copies of the same gene.
    • Heterozygous refers to having an unmatched pair of genes, with one dominant and one recessive.

    Sex Linked Genes

    • Sex-linked genes are located on the X chromosome.
    • Examples include fur color in cats and color blindness in humans, which affects 8% of men and 0.04% of women.

    Genetic Changes

    • Deletion/duplication refers to alterations during cell division, which can be harmless, harmful, or rarely beneficial.
    • Epigenetics refers to the alteration of gene expression due to environmental factors.
    • Acetyl groups relax the histone for gene expression, while their removal tightens and deactivates a gene.

    Development of Neurons

    • Neurons develop through a process involving migration, proliferation, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination.

    Hormones

    • Hormones are chemicals produced by endocrine glands.
    • They consist of amino acid chains that attach to membrane receptors.
    • Hormones are secreted into the blood and have long-term effects.
    • The pituitary gland is the master hormone gland, with the anterior pituitary composed of glandular tissue and the posterior pituitary composed of neural tissue.
    • The hypothalamus regulates circulating hormones through a negative feedback system using inhibitory hormones.

    Nervous System

    • The somatic nervous system is divided into the sensory and motor nervous systems.

    Genetics

    • Genes consist of chromosomes made of DNA.
    • DNA consists of four nucleotide bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine.
    • DNA is a template for RNA and provides the building blocks for amino acids to compose proteins.

    Heritability

    • Twin studies compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins to determine genetic and environmental influences.
    • If monozygotic twins show a greater resemblance, it indicates a genetic component.
    • If monozygotic twins show a similar resemblance to dizygotic twins, it indicates an environmental influence.

    Mendelian Genetics

    • Homozygous refers to having two copies of the same gene.
    • Heterozygous refers to having an unmatched pair of genes, with one dominant and one recessive.

    Sex Linked Genes

    • Sex-linked genes are located on the X chromosome.
    • Examples include fur color in cats and color blindness in humans, which affects 8% of men and 0.04% of women.

    Genetic Changes

    • Deletion/duplication refers to alterations during cell division, which can be harmless, harmful, or rarely beneficial.
    • Epigenetics refers to the alteration of gene expression due to environmental factors.
    • Acetyl groups relax the histone for gene expression, while their removal tightens and deactivates a gene.

    Development of Neurons

    • Neurons develop through a process involving migration, proliferation, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination.

    Hormones

    • Hormones are chemicals produced by endocrine glands.
    • They consist of amino acid chains that attach to membrane receptors.
    • Hormones are secreted into the blood and have long-term effects.
    • The pituitary gland is the master hormone gland, with the anterior pituitary composed of glandular tissue and the posterior pituitary composed of neural tissue.
    • The hypothalamus regulates circulating hormones through a negative feedback system using inhibitory hormones.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of genetics, including the structure of DNA, RNA, and the building blocks of amino acids and proteins.

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