48 Questions
What is the most likely explanation for a disease being present only in women and not in men?
The gene is sex-linked to the X chromosome
What is epigenetics?
The study of gene expression through environmental influences
What is the process by which Acetyl groups affect gene expression?
Acetyl groups relax the binding of genes, allowing for activation
What is the correct order of neural development?
Proliferation, differentiation, migration, myelination, synaptogenesis
What is the term for the growth of new neural connections in response to brain damage?
Collateral sprouting
What is the term for the process by which neurons adapt to changes in their environment?
Neuroplasticity
What is the term for the formation of new neural connections between neurons?
Synaptogenesis
What is the term for the process by which damaged brain areas are compensated for by other areas?
Diaschisis
What is the primary difference between homozygous and heterozygous genes?
Homozygous genes have two copies of the same gene, while heterozygous genes have an unmatched pair of genes
What is the primary function of DNA in terms of protein synthesis?
DNA serves as a template for RNA, which then builds amino acids
What is the term for the study of the influence of genetics on the development of neurons?
Neurogenetics
What is the term for the alteration of gene expression due to environmental factors?
Epigenetics
What is the result of a deletion or duplication of genetic material during cell division?
A genetic alteration that is mostly harmless, but can be harmful or beneficial in some cases
What is the percentage of men affected by colour blindness, according to the text?
8%
What is the somatic NS divided into?
Sensory nervous system and motor nervous system
What is the purpose of acetyl groups in epigenetics?
To relax the histone and activate gene expression
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in regulating hormones?
Regulating the release of inhibitory hormones through a negative feedback system
What type of receptors do hormones bind to in the bloodstream?
Membrane receptors
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?
Producing hormones that regulate growth and development
What is the term for the accumulation of action potentials over time in neurons?
Synaptic plasticity
What type of receptor is attached to a Glutamate protein?
Excitatory metabotropic receptor
What is the term for the reflexive response to a stimulus, involving the activation of neurons and muscles?
Reflex arc
What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?
Producing hormones that regulate growth and development
What is the term for the long-term effects of hormone secretion on target cells?
Cellular differentiation
What is the result of a twin study that shows a higher resemblance between monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins?
Proof of genetic component
What is the term for a pair of genes where one is dominant and the other is recessive?
Heterozygous
What is the term for the alteration in gene expression due to environmental factors, rather than a change in the DNA sequence?
Epigenetics
What is the result of a deletion or duplication of genetic material during cell division?
Harmless, beneficial, or harmful effects
What is the term for the process by which acetyl groups affect gene expression?
Histone modification
What is the term for the study of the influence of genetics on the development of neurons?
Neurogenetics
What is the term for the alteration in gene expression due to the binding of acetyl groups to histone proteins?
Gene activation
What is the term for the unit of chromatin composed of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer?
Nucleosome
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in regulating hormones?
To regulate the pituitary gland's hormone production
What type of receptors do hormones bind to in the bloodstream?
G-protein coupled receptors
What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?
To regulate hormone levels in the bloodstream
What is the term for the long-term effects of hormone secretion on target cells?
Gene expression
What is the term for the accumulation of action potentials over time in neurons?
Temporally summated potentials
What type of receptor is attached to a Glutamate protein?
Excitatory metabotropic receptor
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?
To secrete hormones that stimulate target glands
What is the term for the reflexive response to a stimulus, involving the activation of neurons and muscles?
Reflex arc
What is the likely explanation for a disease being present only in women and not in men, assuming a single gene is responsible?
The gene is located on the X chromosome
What is the role of epigenetics in gene expression?
Epigenetics is the study of gene expression that is influenced by environmental factors
How do Acetyl groups affect gene expression?
Acetyl groups relax DNA, allowing for gene activation
What is the correct order of neural development?
Proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination
What is the term for the growth of new neural connections in response to brain damage?
Collateral sprouting
What is the result of a deletion or duplication of genetic material during cell division?
Genetic variation
What is the term for the study of the influence of genetics on the development of neurons?
Neurogenetics
What is the primary function of DNA in terms of protein synthesis?
To provide the instructions for protein synthesis
Study Notes
Nervous System
- The somatic nervous system is divided into the sensory and motor nervous systems.
Genetics
- Genes consist of chromosomes made of DNA.
- DNA consists of four nucleotide bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine.
- DNA is a template for RNA and provides the building blocks for amino acids to compose proteins.
Heritability
- Twin studies compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins to determine genetic and environmental influences.
- If monozygotic twins show a greater resemblance, it indicates a genetic component.
- If monozygotic twins show a similar resemblance to dizygotic twins, it indicates an environmental influence.
Mendelian Genetics
- Homozygous refers to having two copies of the same gene.
- Heterozygous refers to having an unmatched pair of genes, with one dominant and one recessive.
Sex Linked Genes
- Sex-linked genes are located on the X chromosome.
- Examples include fur color in cats and color blindness in humans, which affects 8% of men and 0.04% of women.
Genetic Changes
- Deletion/duplication refers to alterations during cell division, which can be harmless, harmful, or rarely beneficial.
- Epigenetics refers to the alteration of gene expression due to environmental factors.
- Acetyl groups relax the histone for gene expression, while their removal tightens and deactivates a gene.
Development of Neurons
- Neurons develop through a process involving migration, proliferation, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination.
Hormones
- Hormones are chemicals produced by endocrine glands.
- They consist of amino acid chains that attach to membrane receptors.
- Hormones are secreted into the blood and have long-term effects.
- The pituitary gland is the master hormone gland, with the anterior pituitary composed of glandular tissue and the posterior pituitary composed of neural tissue.
- The hypothalamus regulates circulating hormones through a negative feedback system using inhibitory hormones.
Nervous System
- The somatic nervous system is divided into the sensory and motor nervous systems.
Genetics
- Genes consist of chromosomes made of DNA.
- DNA consists of four nucleotide bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine.
- DNA is a template for RNA and provides the building blocks for amino acids to compose proteins.
Heritability
- Twin studies compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins to determine genetic and environmental influences.
- If monozygotic twins show a greater resemblance, it indicates a genetic component.
- If monozygotic twins show a similar resemblance to dizygotic twins, it indicates an environmental influence.
Mendelian Genetics
- Homozygous refers to having two copies of the same gene.
- Heterozygous refers to having an unmatched pair of genes, with one dominant and one recessive.
Sex Linked Genes
- Sex-linked genes are located on the X chromosome.
- Examples include fur color in cats and color blindness in humans, which affects 8% of men and 0.04% of women.
Genetic Changes
- Deletion/duplication refers to alterations during cell division, which can be harmless, harmful, or rarely beneficial.
- Epigenetics refers to the alteration of gene expression due to environmental factors.
- Acetyl groups relax the histone for gene expression, while their removal tightens and deactivates a gene.
Development of Neurons
- Neurons develop through a process involving migration, proliferation, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination.
Hormones
- Hormones are chemicals produced by endocrine glands.
- They consist of amino acid chains that attach to membrane receptors.
- Hormones are secreted into the blood and have long-term effects.
- The pituitary gland is the master hormone gland, with the anterior pituitary composed of glandular tissue and the posterior pituitary composed of neural tissue.
- The hypothalamus regulates circulating hormones through a negative feedback system using inhibitory hormones.
This quiz covers the basics of genetics, including the structure of DNA, RNA, and the building blocks of amino acids and proteins.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
