Biopsychology Lecture 3 upload after lecture.pptx

Biological Psychology Lecture 3: Structure and function Dr Elaine H. Niven • Evaluate own knowledge of brain structures • identify brain structures • provide overview of their associated functions • Appreciate interplay of regions in complex tasks and provide examples (this will be built on in c...

Biological Psychology Lecture 3: Structure and function Dr Elaine H. Niven • Evaluate own knowledge of brain structures • identify brain structures • provide overview of their associated functions • Appreciate interplay of regions in complex tasks and provide examples (this will be built on in coming weeks) • Evaluate own knowledge of research methods • describe broad overview of research methods • consider benefits and limitations of research methods Aims and learning outcomes Triune Brain Survival Brain - Reptilian Emotional Brain - Limbic Thinking Brain - Neo-cortex Hindbrain Hindbrain Midbrain Midbrain Midbrain Forebrain Lateral geniculate nuclei – visual relay station Medial geniculate nuclei – auditory relay station Ventral posterior nuclei – somatosensory relay station Forebrain Limbic system Basal ganglia Areas of the cortex • Frontal Lobe • motor activity, speech, planning, impulse control • Parietal Lobe • integrating sensory information, spatial tasks • Temporal Lobe • auditory perception, memory, emotion • Occipital Lobe • visual perception Frontal lobes Cortical organisation Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe • Working Memory • Planning • Past Experience • Current Environment • Flexibility • Adaptibility • Switching • Monitoring Executive function or cognitive control Executive control: regions & (some of their) Functions • Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) • Working Memory, Temporal & Source Memory • Initiating, Inhibiting, Planning • Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) - Evaluation • Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) – Attention Allocation / Intention / Value • Anterior Cingulate Cortex - Conflict Monitor? Error Monitor? Effort? • Basal Ganglia – Stimulus-Response Rule Mapping WM - Interaction of Frontal & Posterior cortical Areas Working Memory Multiple Frontal and Posterior Links For a recent summary and report, see: Barbey, A. K., Koenigs, M., & Grafman, J. (2013) Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working Renderings of regions related to executive processes of WM. Colors denote gyral definitions derived from the AAL atlas (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al. 2002). Derek Evan Nee et al. Cereb. Cortex 2012;cercor.bhs007 © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected] Cognitive Neuroimaging O Using brain-imaging techniques to study brain structure and function relevant to human cognition - can now establish where and when processes occur - order of activations, and differences across areas - range of techniques now being used which vary in their spatial and temporal resolution (precision) - very high spatial and temporal resolution only required if very detailed account needed Cognitive Neuroimaging • Single-unit recording - to study single neurons using micro-electrode - very sensitive, detects 1millionth of a volt - Hubel & Weisel (1979) investigated visual processes in cats and monkeys - but other techniques needed to assess areas of cortex • Event-related potentials (ERPs) - electroencephalogram (EEG) records brain (electrical) activity at the surface of the scalp but ‘noise’ obscures stimulus-related activity - present same stimulus numerous times, then average the effect on EEG output - high temporal resolution (ms) but low spatial resolution Cognitive Neuroimaging • Positron emission tomography (PET) - (tiny amounts of) radioactive liquid injected into body, gathers in brain’s blood vessels - active areas attract the liquid, scanner then creates image of activity based on the emitted positrons - poor temporal but reasonable spatial resolution Cognitive Neuroimaging Cognitive Neuroimaging O Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI and fMRI) - radio waves excite atoms in the brain producing magnetic changes detected by a magnet - Changes detected by computer which gives 3D image - Blood oxygenation in the brain can also be detected to indicate functional changes (BOLD response) - More spatial and temporal resolution than PET Cognitive Neuroimaging • Newer techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) - coil delivers pulse which inhibits processing in given area – temporary “lesion”! - exciting new possibilities, e.g. establishing cause Technique that can go beyond observation and correlation Lesion studies Experimental Cognitive Psychology O Experiments carried out on healthy individuals under controlled laboratory conditions - compare one condition with another (or others), then test resulting data statistically - nearly all cognitive psychology research carried out in this way initially - played major role in development/testing of theories - relatively well developed methods which also influence other areas of psychology Experimental Cognitive Psychology • Limitations - laboratory research lacks ecological validity - measures such as RT, accuracy, are indirect - need understanding of brain function - written theories can be poorly defined - problem of individual differences - no one over-arching cognitive architecture accepted • Study of patterns of cognitive performance, (intact and impaired) exhibited by brain-damaged individuals - to provide knowledge about normal human cognition - complexities revealed when system malfunctioning - e.g. patient HM Cognitive Neuropsychology O Assumes: - functional & anatomical modularity: cognitive systems domain-specific, in specific identifiable areas - uniformity of functional architecture across individuals - subtractivity: impairments cannot add to systems Cognitive Neuropsychology • Evidence - performance dissociations (crucial): x impaired, y unimpaired - double dissociations (ideal): above pattern in one individual, opposite true of another XY XY - individual (case studies) and group studies Cognitive Neuropsychology Cognitive Neuropsychology • Limitations - compensation for impairments? - typically, damage is extensive - diverse patients with broadly similar brain damage Cognitive Neuroscience • Given relative strengths/limitations, desirable to combine techniques where possible • Converging evidence very important in cognitive neuroscience • When using neuroimaging, needs to be theoretically driven UBC flexible learning neuroanatomy video: introduction to the CNS Cerebral ventricles • Evaluate own knowledge of brain structures • identify brain structures • provide overview of their associated functions • Appreciate interplay of regions in complex tasks and provide examples (this will be built on in coming weeks) • Evaluate own knowledge of research methods • describe broad overview of research methods • consider benefits and limitations of research methods Aims and learning outcomes Required Reading • Revisit Holt et al. (whatever edition) “Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour” chapter ‘The brain and behaviour’ • Pinel (whatever edition) “Biopsychology” chapters on ‘Anatomy of the nervous system’ and ‘The Research Methods of Biopsychology’ (chapters 3 and 5 in 10th and 9th Editions) • Genes to Cognition online: http://www.g2conline.org (for use of 3D brain tool) UBC flexible learning videos: neuroanatomy https://youtu.be/xB7rXw_3gVY?list=PL242bEng6nyIdshvi_ZUid_i 3YctT75q9 Functional Brain areas videos (as recommended by Dr Ben Vincent, formerly of Psychology at University of Dundee) • part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KjqSTDmK0I • part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIYm-UBWuQY • part 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBdnvT-xI5U • part 4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tcea60H6Tc • part 5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pi4FD5ZwwgM • part 6 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpdagzcJ62U Recommended video resources