Biology Lesson Note SS1 Second Term PDF

[Menu](https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/) **BIOLOGY NOTE  FOR  SS1 SECOND TERM** -- [Edudelight.com](https://edudelight.com/) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **SECOND TERM SSI SCHEME OF WORK** **WEEK ONE-----BASIC ECOLO...

[Menu](https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/) **BIOLOGY NOTE  FOR  SS1 SECOND TERM** -- [Edudelight.com](https://edudelight.com/) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **SECOND TERM SSI SCHEME OF WORK** **WEEK ONE-----BASIC ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT** **WEEK TWO......ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT** **WEEK THREE.....TOLERANCE** **WEEK FOUR AND FIVE......ADAPTATION** **WEEK SIX.........POLLUTION** **SEVEN.........MID TERM BREAK** **WEEK EIGHT......CONSERVATION NATURAL RESOURCES** **WEEK NINE AND TEN...REPRODUCTION** **WEEK ELEVEN.........REVISION** **WEEK TWELVE.........EXAMINATION**  **WEEK 1                                          ** **           **                         **ECOLOGY** **Ecology is the study of living organism e.g. plants and animals in relation to their environment. Ecology is divided into two main groups:-** **a. **Autecology**:-which is the study of an individual organism and its environment. E.g. the study of a  single rat and its environment.** **b. **Synecology:**-- It is the study of inter relationship between groups of organism or species of organism living together in an area. E.g. the study of different organisms in a river in relation to aquatic   environment.**                         **[BASIC ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT.]** 1.        **Habitat.** It is defined as any environment which an organism lives naturally e.g. fishes live in the water, some           other organism **lives on land or trees e.g. monkey.**  **2.        Environment**. It's defined as overall factor both external and internal, living   or non- living which affects an organism.  3.       **Eco system:** It  is defined as  an association between living component i.e. plant and animals with the non living           factors of the environment.  4.        **Biotic community**: It   is defined as any naturally occurring group of different organisms living together and interacting            together in the same environment.   5.      **Biome:** It  is defined as the largest community of an organism e.g. Rainforest and Guinea savannah. 6.        **Biosphere or Ecosphere:** It is the zone of the earth occupied by living organisms. It is a layer of life which exist in the earth's   surface and it is a zone where complex biological activities occur.  7.        **Lithosphere:** It is the solid portion of the earth, it is the outermost layer or zone of the earth crust which is made up of rock and mineral materials. 8.        **Hydrosphere:** It is the liquid or aquatic portion of the earth. It holds water in various form i.e. ice, liquid, and gasses. E.g. lake, pool, spring, ocean or sea, ponds, oasis, river and stream. 9.        **Atmosphere:** This is the gaseous portion of the earth. It is a layer of gasses surrounding the earth. 10.      **Ecological Niche**: It is defined as the specific portion of an habitat which is occupied by particular species of organism. It is the functional position of an organism within the community. E.g. caterpillar and aphid which live on the same plant occupies different ecological niche of the plant. 11.      **Population:**   It's defined as the total number of organism of the same specie living together in a given area. E.g. the total number of tilapia fish in a pond constitutes the population of tilapia in that habitat **[              COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM]** 1. **Biotic factor:**  It is the component of ecosystem that comprises of all living  things  in the environment  often called biotic community. This biotic community includes the population of a.         **food producers/autotrophs**.  Which are majorly green plants, Protophyta and chemosynthetic bacteria. b.         **food consumer/ heterotrophs**: These include all animasl, protozoa and some bacteria. The  consumer may be divided based on the type of food they eat. Namely **              Herbivore** **              Carnivore** **              Omnivore** c.         **Decomposer/Saprophyte**: These are organisms that cause the decay or putrefaction of plants and  animals remain. e.g. fungi,  bacteria and some insects such as termites, 2.        **Abiotic Factors**:  These are factors that which the organisms need to stay alive.  They include. a.         Climate factor such as temperature, humidity, wind, sunlight, or light intensity.         b.         Edaphic factors such as soil factors. c.         Inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon (iv) oxide, oxygen, a source of energy, water current, turbidity.                                     **The Local Biomes of Nigeria.** The biome is the largest community of organism e.g. rainforest, guinea savanna. The local biotic community of Nigeria can be grouped into two major zones. 1.        **Forest Zone:** This is made up of vegetation having mainly trees and are divided into A.        Mangrove or swamp forest(salt and fresh water) B.        Tropical rain forest. 2.        **Savanna Zone**: It's made up of mainly grasses and it is divided into three A.        Southern guinea savanna B.        Northern guinea savanna C.        Sahel savanna  A. Mangrove or swamp forest: is found in areas along the coastal in states like Delta, Lagos, Cross-River, Akwa-Ibom,  Bayelsa, and Rivers. **Characteristics of swamp forest** I.          It has tall wooden trees. II.        The plants have aerial roots. III\.       It has ever green trees with broad leaves. IV\.       It has a combination of salt and fresh water. V.        The swamp forest is found in areas of heavy and frequent      rainfall with an annual rainfall of 250cm. VI.       Common plant species are red mangrove, white mangrove, raffia palm, coconut.  VII.    Common animal species in this community include: Tilapia, oyster shell, crabs, snakes, birds and king    fishes. B. Tropical rain forest: this biotic community is located in states like Ondo, Edo, Lagos, Ogun, Delta, Anambra, Bayelsa and Akwa Ibom.                                     **Characteristics of rain forest** I.          It has tall trees with buttress roots. II.        It has evergreen and broad leaves. III.       The forest is made up of climbers, epiphytes, creepers and parasitic plants. IV.       It has little undergrowth due to canopy formed by the tall trees. V.       The plant species are not in pure stand i.e. trees are scattered. VI.       The biome have experienced rainfall over 200cm, high temperature and high relative humidity. VII.     Plant species include Iroko, Obeche, Mahogany, Walnut, Opepe And Ebony. VIII.    Animals commonly found in this area are chameleons, monkeys, birds, squirrels.            IX.       Tropical rain forest has high temperature between 25°c-37°c with a small annual range of 2-3°c. **          Savanna or Grassland**: Grassland are distinguished from the trees by their relative absence of trees and       abundance of grasses. The grass of the world is a translational biome between the forest and the     desert. A.        Southern guinea savanna: This biotic community is found in states like Enugu, Oyo, Ebonyi, Osun,         Ekiti, Benue, Kogi and Kwara.                         **Characteristics of southern guinea savanna** I.          It is the largest of all communities in Nigeria. II.        It has a moderate rainfall between100-150cm annually. III.       It has tall grasses. IV.       It has tall trees with broad leaves. V.        The trees are scattered and deciduous i.e. they shed their leaves during dry season. VI.       Important plants include locust bean tree, Shea-butter, Isobelina. VII.     Important animal commonly present in the biome are antelope, lion, zebra and leopard. B.        Northern Guinea Savannah:- The biome is found in place like Plateau, Kaduna, Bauchi, Niger,         Taraba,         Adamawa and Kano states. **CHARACTERISTICS** 1.        It has low rainfall of about 50-100cm per annum 2.        It has scatter and short deciduous trees 3.        It has short but numerous grasses 4.        Some of trees have thorns while other have thick bark 5.        Some of the trees wither in dry season and sprout at the beginning of raining 6.        Common plant specie present in this area are Acacia, date palm, silk cotton plant, baobab 7.        Common animal that can be found there, include: -- Snakes,    lizard, deer, lion, leopard, antelope e.t.c. C.        Sahel savannah:- The local biotic community can be seen or found in only the extreme        Northern part of Nigeria such as        Bornu, Katsina, Sokoto, Yobe, Kebbi, Zamfara, Kano and Jigawa\               **CHARACTERISTICS** 1.        The biome has high temperature and very low rainfall below 50cm per annum. 2.        It has short and scanty grasses. 3.        It has tall shrubs or trees. 4.        The grasses are fewer/ poorer and exist in patches. 5.        It has much drought resistant and scattered plant 6.        Important plant species include acacia, gum Arabic and date palm.                                      **DESERT**             A desert is a place of dryness or a place associated with dryness or acidity. The environment is      usually hot with little or no rainfall. **MAJOR BIOME OF THE WORLD** It is divided into the following: 1.        Tropical rainforest 2.        Savanna 3.        Deserts 4.        Shrubs 5.        Afro-aphine 6.        Swamp **         Tropical Rainforest** The tropical rainforest of the world is located around the equator with latitude 50 North and South of the equator. The forest is found in the amazon basin of South America, Zaire basin of central Africa, the coast of west Africa and interior Malaysia. **CHARACTERISTICS** 1.        The trees are of great varieties 2.        There is abundance of tall hard woods e.g. iroko, obeche e.t.c. 3.        There  are various layers of trees i.e. upper, middle, lower and bottom storey. 4.        It has abundance sunshine. 5.        The forest tree have broad ever green leaves. 6.        Relative humidity within the forest is very high. 7.        It has annual rainforest of year. 8.        Rainfall is through out the year. 9.        Tropical rain forest has a high temperature of between 25% -- 37^0^ within a small annual range of 2^0^ -- 3^0^. **               SAVANNA / GRASSLAND.**              Grassland are distinguished from the forest because of the presence of abundant grass: The savanna of                     the world is grouped into two:- i.          Tropical grassland. ii.         Temperate Grassland. i.          Tropical Grassland:- is located between latitude 5^0^ N and 20^0^ S of the Equator. Areas where these           grassland are found include Central Africa/ North West, South America, Interior Of Brazil, West       Africa, East Africa, South -- East Asia And North And Northern Australia. **Characteristics.** i.          The tree grow there are deciduous. ii.         The tropical grassland has tall grasses. iii.       There is presence of short and scattered trees. iv.       It has annual temperature range of 11^0^. v.         The temperature of tropical grassland ranges from 21^0^ to 30^0^ vi.       The annual rainfall is between 600 to 1500mm. vii.      Temperature Grassland: it is found in the interior continent in Asia, North America, South America (Argentina) and Australia. **Characteristics.** 1.        The grasses tend to have uniform height. 2.        Temperature grassland has average rainfall of about 508mm. 3.        It has hot summer with temperature of about 20^0^. 4.        The trees are scare in the temperature grassland. 5.        The grasses are succulent. 6.        The vegetation is associated with the temperate continental climate.                                     **DESERT**             Desert are generally associated with aridity or dryness. It is an environment that is usually very bet with little or no rainfall.                                     **TYPES OF DESERT** 1.        **[Hot Desert]**:- Hot desert of the world are  on the western coastal of the continent within latitude 15^0^ and 30^0^ N and S of the equator. Hot desert include Sahara desert in North Africa, Arabian desert in Arabia, Iranian desert in Iran, Nambi and Kalahari desert in South Africa, great Australian desert in Australia, Atacama desert in south Africa America. **CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT DESERT** 1.        Hot desert has high temperature between 30^0^ and 60^0^ 2.        The desert are associated with cold current 3.        Vegetation is sparse or scanty 4.        The vegetation include grasses, shrubs and herbs 5.        Evaporation is high while relative humidity is very low 6.        Aridity or rainlessness is common 2.        **[Cold Desert]**:- They are located in the interior of the continent around latitude 45^0^N and 60^0^N and S        of the equator. Cold desert are found in the interior of Eurasia in North America and Patagonia in South America  **CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD DESERT** a.         Cold desert has short and scanty grasses b.         Winters is cold with temperature below 7^0^C while summers are hot below 38^0^C c.         Rainfall is about 25cm due to long distance from the sea d.        It has drought resistant plant with woody stem and needle like or spiny to reduce evaporation e.         It has summer and cold winter                                                 **SHRUB**             The shrub vegetation is found in semi-arid region, border land of tropical desert and the interior of the continent. It is found in West Africa closed to Sahara Desert, North-East Brazil and Australia CHARACTERISTICS a.         It has low thorny trees with shrubs and herbs b.         It has drought resistant shrubs and aromatic plants and dwarf trees such as thorny acacia c.         The rainfall is very low d.        The shrub has very high temperature of over 30^0^ e.         The shrub has patches of grasses                                     **AFRO-ALPINE** The Afro-alpine is kind of vegetation associated with high mountains or highlands. The Afro-alpine vegetation as it relates to Africa is found in highland such as Cameroon Mountain, Kenya Highland and Kilimanjaro Mountain in East Africa.  **         Characteristics** 1.        The peak of the mountain may experience ice- cap or permanent show. 2.        The wind ward side of the mountain may have luxuriant forest type of vegetation. 3.        Temperature and pressure of Afro alpine decrease with attitude. 4.        Heavy rainfall is experience from the windward side of the    mountain while lesser rainfall is     experience on the leeward side. 5.        The leeward side may experience savanna type of vegetation. 6.        Vegetation decreases with the height of mountain.             **Swamp / Mangrove Forest**. The swamp forest are usually found in tropics along coastal region and river mouth in West, East and South Africa. Swamps are generally found along the coast all over the world.              **   Characteristics of swamp forest.** 1.        The dominant plants are white mangrove, red mangrove and raffia palm. 2.        The trees have stilt root which grow downward and branch into mud surface. 3.        Relative humidity in swamp is very high even close to 90^0^. 4.        It has high rainfall of over 2,500mm with re distinct season. 5.        Animal commonly found include mud skipper, crap, tilapia fish.       **      ASSIGNMENT** 1.State the component of ecosystem 2.Define the following terms I,  Ecosystem(ii)niche(iii)community(iv)hydrosphere 3.State five characteristics of mangrove forests 4 State the distinguishing features of the guinea savanna. 5.Explain the differences between(a) a biome and  a  habitat (b) a niche  and  a habitat. 6.Explain the following ecological terms (i)environment (ii)hydrosphere(iii)lithosphere. 7a.What is  an  ecosystem?(b) List three components of ecosystem ** ** **WEEK2** **Ecological Management** **.**Living organisms establish different living associations with others in order to obtain food or protection. Some of these living associations are beneficial to one or both organisms in the relationship. Each exhibits the quality of tolerance and possesses certain adaptive features for survival.                                     **Types of Associations** a**.Predation**: is an interaction in which a free living organism kills another free living organism and eat it as food. The killed is the predator for each example domestic's cat kill rat for food. b**.Neutralism**: is neither beneficial nor detrimental to either population. For example direct interactions between a squirrel and a bird appear to be of this type Neither services as food for the other nor do they compete for the same food supply, yet they of the same forest community. **-Commensalism** is a relationship between two partners which the commensal benefits while the other called host  neither benefited nor harm. The advantages derived its host frequently involves shelter, support, food or several of these. A good example is the remora fish and shark. Remora  picks the food debris while shark does not grain or lose anything. **Parasitism:** This is a type of association in which one organism called the parasite lives on or within another organism known as the host and benefits from the association while harming or killing its host in the process. Parasites live on the surface of the host's body are referred to as ecto- parasite while the parasite live within is called endo- parasite. Examples of ecto- parasites are tick, lice, mosquito, tsetse fly have adaptive features like claw, hooks and suckers with which they cling to their host. Ecto- parasites of plant like mistletoe and dodder have attachment organ called haustoria which provides large area of contact with the host, and make the host cell membrane permeable allowing nutrients to pass through it to the parasite, this denying the plant needed nutrient for growth. **Mutualism or Symbiosis**: This is a type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit and are unable to survive without each other. The mutualist and each others, However, in a loose association, it is possible for the two partners to live independently. The following are examples of organism. a**.Lichen**: It is a beneficial association between an alga and a fungus. In this association, the fungus gets organic carbon and oxygen as nutrient and for respiration from its photosynthetic activities of alga. In return, the fungus protect the alga from high light intensities, provide water and minerals to it with which the alga can grow. **b.Mycorrhiza**: This is a beneficial association between plant roots and fungi in this association, the fungus lives inside (endotrophic) or outside (ectotrophic) the root extending its hyphae into the soil. The hyphae  function like root hairs absorbing water, phosphorus and other nutrients from the soil into the plant while the fungus depends on photosynthesis by the plant to provide soluble organic materials as its nutrient. c**.Root nodules and nitrogen fixing bacteria** is a beneficial association between nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium and the roots of leguminous. d\. Another example is the relationship between the hermit crab and a kind of hydra  called hydrachatina commonly found on the  occupied by hermit crab.The hydra feeds on the food particles obtained from the crab which gain nothing from the association. e.**Epiphytism**:       The process involves two plants, one lives on the stem or branch of the other, where it seeks support. It does not necessarily get nutrient directly from its host their nutrient are gotten from dead leaves or dead remains of some small animals. Examples of epiphytes are fern, mosses and mistletoes. **ASSIGNMENTS** 1.Explain the followings terms( i) commensalisms(ii)saprophytism(iii)parasitism 2.Give one example in each case.3.An association between algae and fungi is called(a)commensalism   **WEEK 3** **TOLERANCE** **Tolerance** is the study or reactions of an organism to physical and chemical factors in the environment. Chapter 3 notes communities, biomes and ecosystems OR **Tolerance is the limit to which living organisms can withstand unfavourable changes in the environment in any ecosystem, with several abiotic factors like temperature, rainfall, salinity which affect   the distribution and survival of living organism**. A change in any of these factors may or become unfavourable for the living organisms. **Tolerance Range**:- is defined as the range between the minimum and maximum limits to which living organism can withstand and survive certain changes in their environment, for example, animals have a minimum and maximum temperature limit of 0^0^C and 42^0^C. Any alteration below 0^0^C or above 42^0^ results in the death of the organism. There are variations in the tolerance range of living organisms. For example, certain plants may withstand extreme drought due to some of their adaptive features while others may not.  **Minimum Range**-- It is the narrowest range of factors at which distribution of organisms will be affected in terms of survival, growth and reproduction. **Maximum Range**-- It is the highest range of factor at which distribution of the organism is mostly affected in terms of survival.                         **Laws of Tolerance** The law states that the distribution of species will be controlled by that environmental factor for which the organism has the minimum range of adaptability or control. Animals range of tolerance is difficult to study since their mobile nature makes them escape from unfavourable conditions. Some migrate e.g. Birds, fishes e.t.c while others hibernate especially during winter e.g. rodent, squirrels' avoiding food. **Geographical Range** This is a given location within which most organisms can live. The tolerance range of living organism determines the areas where they are found. Biogeography Study Guide \| Inspirit ** ASSIGNMENTS** 1.Define the followings(a)tolerance(b)maximum range(c)geographical range 2.Distinguish between the tolerance range and geographical range of a species. #### **BIOLOGY ENOTE  FOR  SS1 SECOND TERM** -- [Edudelight.com](https://edudelight.com/) ** WEEK 4 & 5** **ADAPTATION** **Adaptation is defined as any features or characteristics possessed by an organism that enhance its fitness and survival in its environment OR Adaptation is the ability of an organism to survive in any given environment or features which may be structural, physiological or behavioral shown by organism enabling them to live successfully.** Adaptation of Animals to Aquatic Environment 1.        Possession of stream lined body that reduce friction during movement in water e.g. fishes. 2.        Possession of dense, water proof features that keep cold water away from bird's skin and prevent wetting of feather e.g. birds. 3.        Possession of webbed feet, formed from their skin between the digits that walk like paddles e.g. duck. 4.        Possession of gills in fishes and tadpoles for gaseous exchange. 5.        Possession of hook, sucker, sticky under surface by stationary organism for attachment to the rock   surface e.g. snail. 6.        Possession of swim bladder to aid buoyancy in water e.g. Tilapia fish.             **Adaptation of Animals to Terrestrial Habitat**  1.       Possession of lungs by vertebrates and trachea by insects for gaseous exchange. 2.        Possession of strong limbs that perform various functions like running, walking, climbing and          burrowing e.g. vertebrate. 3.        Possession of sweat gland for excretion and cooling on hot days e.g. mammals. 4.        Possession of hair and fur on the skin of mammals and feathers in birds that insulate the body against heat loss. 5.        Possession of keen senses and well developed system for movement and rapid escape from            predator's e.g. insects. 6.        Possession of ability to use camouflage to blend with their background or mimic inedible objects like        twigs and birds droppings to avoid predators e.g. chameleon and grasshopper. **PLANT ADAPTATION**             **Adaptation of plants to aquatic habitat**.             **A [hydrophytes]** is a plant that grows in water or in water logged soil with submerged storage organs  and perennating buds resting below the water level. Their adaptive features are: 1.        Possession of large air cavities called aerenchyma that serve as a means of buoyancy and storing of gasses for respiration. 2.        Possession of photosynthetic and chloroplast that make use of less light in the water for photosynthesis. 3.        Possession of breathing roots by some hydrophytes, which grows above the water level to have enough oxygen for respiration. 4.        Possession of hairy leaves and thin waxy cuticle to repel rain water as they do not need it. 5.        Surface plants that float on water have broad leaves that contain numerous stomata on the upper side of the leaf which trap maximum light for photosynthesis.             Examples are water lily, water hyacinth, water weeds, duck weed, and water cabbage.             Adaptation of plant to terrestrial habitat a.         **[Mesophytes]** -- These are terrestrial plants which grow in moist habitat and require well aerated soil.They moderate humidity and grow neither in water logged soil nor in soil with abundance of salts, do they loose drought condition their adaptive features are:  1.       Possession of well developed root system. 2.        Possession of stems that is generally aerial and profusely branched. 3.        Possession of longer, thinner leaves with high number of stomata on the underside of leaves. 4.        Possession of mesophyll layer that is well differentiated with many intercellular spaces.             Examples include: hibiscus and cassava plants. b.         **[xerophytes]**: These are plants that are adapted to dry or desert habitat including dry rocky mountain tops where water supply is extremely scarce their adaptive features are: 1.        Reduction in the number of stomata to ensure fewer  pores are exposed to water loss through transpiration. 2.        Possession of thick, waxy cuticle to reduces water loss through  transpiration. 3.        Possession of extensive, deep root system that extend to the water table beneath the soil which aid in absorption of large amount of water. 4.        Possession of modified leaves, spines/thorn like structures to reduce the area exposed to transpiration. 5.        Possession of superficial roots that form large extension on the surface of the earth, which aid to absorb torrential rain. 6.        Possession of hairy leaves that trap water vapour in between them to lower the diffusion gradients to reduce water loss.\ 7.        Shedding off their leaves during the dry season to prevent water loss through transpiration. 8.        Possession of ability to fold their leaves during  the day to decrease the number of stomata thus reducing the rate of transpiration.             Examples are: cactus, Euphorbia and Acacia. c.         **[Halophyte];** these are salt resistant organisms. They may be plant or animals. Examples of such plants are white mangrove and red mangrove.             Examples of animals are all marine animals such as Sharks, Whales e.t.c.             **Structural Adaptation of Tadpoles and Fishes to Aquatic Life   **             **Fishes:** 1.        Possession of streamlined body enhances movement in water. 2.        Possession of water proof scales with mucous covering the entire body which reduces water tension. 3.        Possession of fins at the sides and at posterior end adapted for fast swimming. 4.        Possession of gills on the lateral sides, which serves as the respiratory organs capable of oxygen uptake from water. 5.        Possession of a tail, which functions like a rudder and helps in changing direction while swimming. 6.        Possession of thin walled air- filled  bladder which aids in respiration, sound production and     stability during fluctuation in pressure.             **Tadpole:** 1\.         Possession of streamlined body without neck that enhances movement in water. 2.        Possession of a tail fin which aid in changing of direction during swimming. 3.        Possession of external gills, which serve as the respiratory organ used for oxygen uptake in water.             **Structural adaptation of birds** 1.        Seed- eating birds have beaks adapted for picking and conical beaks adapted for cracking seeds or nuts. 2.        Birds of prey like hawk, eagle and owls have sharp, curved beaks for tearing flesh and strong claw    feet for capturing and killing their prey. 3.        Aquatic birds like duck sea quills have long, flat beaks adapted for straining or shifting plants and animals from the water and for gripping fish and sieving muddy water for food. 4.        They also have webbed feet adapted for swimming. 5.        Birds that eat insect like wood peckers have beaks that are long and chisel like for boring into wood to eat insect. 6.        Some birds like crows have multi purpose beaks that are adapted to eat fruits, seeds, insect, fishes and other animals. 7.        Presence of feathers which enclose a layer of air and thus keeping the bird warm. 8.        Possession of scales on the leg and feet to reduce heat loss. 9.        Presence of wings for flight. 10.      Presence of keen sight for seeing their prey a far off e.g. Vulture. 11.      Possession of light weight e.g. sun bird which help them to feed nectar.             **Structural adaptation of Toad** 1.        Presence of long sticky tongue for catching its prey. 2.        Presence of long hind limbs for hopping. 3.        Presence of bulging eyes to see in water. 4.        Presence of stout fore limbs for landing.             **Structural adaptation of Lizard** 1.        Possession of scales to reduce desiccation. 2.        Lizard has ability to regenerate its lost tail when attacked and this helps the animals to escape from danger. 3.        Possession of protective colouration for defense against enemies and to attract the opposite sex. 4.        Possession of sharp claws for climbing. 5.        Long neck which enable them to move their heads independent of their body.             **Structural adaptation of Snail** 1.        Presence of hard calcerous shells to prevent desiccation. 2.        Secretions of shiny mucus to survive period of unfavourable condition such as dryness or drought.             This process is called aestivation which is a long period of dryness. 3.        Possession of muscular foot for movement. 4.        Presence of oculiferous tentacles for sight and sensitivity. **ASSIGNMENT** 1.Salt resistant organisms are referred to as (a)hydrophyte(b)halophyte(c)xerophyte(d)mesophyte 2.The modification in an organisms which enables (a)adaptation(b)completion(c)hibernation(d)succession 3.The following the adaptations are associated the flight of birds except (a)reduced body weight(b)streamlined shape(c)presence of powerful muscles(d)clawed digits 4.State five structural adaptations of lizard OBJECTIVES 5.The association in which one member benefits and the other is relatively unaffected by the interaction is termed (A)symbiosis (B) parasitism (C)commensalism (D)mutualism 6.When an animal has a dark-coloured dorsal surface  and a light- coloured ventral surface, this is an adaptation called (A)concealment colouration (B)countershading (C)colour blending (D)disruptive colouration 7.One of the following is an example of commensals (A)mistletoe (B)remora fish and shark (C)mosses and ferns (D)legumes and nitromonas 8.Reptiles are able to survive  a hot environment due to  (A)long tail (B)presence of gular fold (C)presence of claws (D) presence of tough body covered with scales 9.One of the following is not a terrestrial adaptation (A)poorly developed roots (B)lungs for respiration (C)presence of sweat gland (D)possession of hairs 10.Hydrophytes possess all these characteristics except (A)broad leaves (B)well-developed stomata (C)poorly developed roots (D)presence of air sac #### #### **BIOLOGY ENOTE  FOR  SS1 SECOND TERM** -- [Edudelight.com](https://edudelight.com/)                                     **WEEK  6&7**                                                          **Pollution** Pollution is defined as release of harmful or toxic substances into the environment either by natural forces, or activities of man and other animal to an extent that cause biological damage to man and his environment. **OR** It is the release of harmful substances into the environment such as water, air, in a quantity that is harmful to man, animals and plants.             **Types of Pollution** 1.        Air pollution\ 2.        Noise pollution 3.        Land pollution 4.        Water pollution a.         **Air pollutants** 1.        **Oxide of carbon (CO)**:- This is release into the air as a result of burning of      fume in car and   other combustion engine and some industrial processes.             **Effects of CO** 1.        It causes suffocation because it combines with hemoglobin and reduces its ability to carry oxygen which may result to death. 2.        **Oxide of sulphur. Sulphur (iv) Oxide**:- it is released to the air by burning of vehicle exhaust  mining and cement particles. Effects of Sulphur (iv) Oxide 1.        It causes ill health e.g. irritation of eyes, lungs, skin, cough and other respiratory disease. 2.        It causes acid rain. 3.        **Oxide of Nitrogen (NO)**: They can be released into the air by electrical discharge in air and industrial processes.                         **Effects of NO~2~** 1.        It may cause acid rain which corrodes metallic objects. 2.        It irritates the skin and respiratory system. 3.        **Smoke and soot[:]**  these are released into the air by burning of substances from industries, machines and coal.                         **Effects of smoke and soot** 1.        The particles can damage the lungs. 2.        The particles of soot can cover the leaves of plant thereby reduces photosynthesis. 3.        It reduces visibility 4.        It blackens paint on the building. 5.        **Dust particles**: from mining, quarries, machines, industrial processes.                         **Effects of Dust particle** 1.        it irritates respiratory system and causes respiratory diseases such as catarrh and cough. 2.        It reduces visibility. 3.        Dust containing pollen grain can affect the lungs which may result to asthma. 4.        **Radioactive rays**: -- These are industrial process such as electric that uses radioactive substances.                         **Effects of Radioactive rays** 1.        It can alter the nature of gene i.e. mutation. 5.Chlorofluorocarbon(CFCs). The increasing depletion of ozone layer, a layer that shields the hazardous ultra-violet rays of the sun is due to severe environmental  contamination caused by  the  release of CFCs into the atmosphere. Depletion of the ozone layer could result in fatal consequences to the environment and its  inhabitants. EFFECTS. -increasing number of skin cancers and cataract of the eye -decline in immune system"s ability to respond to infections -decline in the growth of ocean's phytoplanktons, the producers in the marine food chain which could lead  to  disruption of the ecological balance in the ocean. -increase in the level of atmosphere carbondioxide due to decline in the population of photosynthetic organisms that could break down carbondioxide during photosynthesis, resulting in global warming. **Control of Air pollution**\ 1.        Industries should be sited away from residential area. 2.        Tall factory chimneys should be built i.e. for the discharge of industrial wastes. 3.        Industrial waste should be passing through filter and absorbers\ 4.        Legislation should be made against indiscriminate burning that will bring smoke. 5.        Use of lead and free fuel should be avoided 6.        Avoid driving cars that are not maintained 7.        There should be public enlightenment about air pollution. **Noise pollution** Noise is unwanted utterance Sources of noise pollution 1.        Factory or industrial noise. 2.        Aero plane/ Aviation noise. 3.        Locomotive/ Railway Engine noise. 4.        Car Horn and sirènes. 5.        High pitch musical sound from loud speaker or drumming. 6.        Noise from heavy guns. 7.        Noise from thunder 8.        Noise from generator.             **Effects of Noise Pollution** 1.        It can cause loss of hearing or deafness. 2.        Noise can cause emotional disorder, anxiety or lack of concentration. 3.        It can cause high blood pressure or hypertension. 4.        Noise may cause general irritation. 5.        It may cause damage in behaviour.             **Control of Noise Pollution** 1.        There should be reduction of noise from loud speaker and car siren. 2.        Legislation against the use of loud speaker in public places. 3.        There should be a ban on the use of heavy gun. 4.        Railway and airport should be located far away from residential areas. 5.        There should be installation of sound proof in industries and in generator.             **Land /Soil Pollution** It is a condition in which the top thin layers of fertile top soil are damaged. Soil is very important for the proper function of terrestrial ecosystem because it is the major source of essential mineral nutrient and water for plant. In a balanced ecosystem, this layer is continually pre- maintained by various nutrient cycle and activities of decomposer and soil system.             **Causes of Soil Pollution** 1.        **[Erosion]:** this may be due to careless farming method. 2.        **Agricultural waste**: such as pesticide, herbicide and fertilizers which may bring about the killing of useful organism that bring about decay or soil animal that aerate the soil. 3.        **Industrial activity** such as mining and deforestation may devastate the land and stripping it off        vegetation and top soil. 4.        **Dumping of garbage on the soil**. 5.        **Crude oil spillage** through oil drilling, loading and off- loading of oil tankers may render the soil infertile and destroy plant and animal life.                         **Effects** 1\.         Poor crop yield. 2.        It can poison a whole community 3.        Dumping of refuse may cause eye sore. 4.        Refuse dumping can encourage breeding of pest. Control 1.        Effort should be made on recycling of waste. 2.        People should be educated on effect of land pollution. 3.        Incessant dumping of waste should be discouraged. 4.        The government should have a policy of land protection. 5.        Refuse should be burnt in incinerators. 6.        Oil pipeline should be maintained and check regularly. 7.        Pesticide and fertilizers should be applied as instructed.             **Water Pollution** It may arise by  indiscriminate dumping of  waste into the body of water. In addition pollutant in air, or vegetation and soil are drained into water bodies via rainfall.             Causes 1.        Refuse and sewage 2.        Industrial wastes 3.        Agricultural waste such as pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers. 4.        Crude oil spillage. 5\.         Heavy metals such as  Lead and Mercury   Effects 1.        Sewage contaminated drinking water may  make water unfit for drinking. 2.        It destroys aquatic plants and animals 3.        Chemical like gammalin 20 will bring about the killing of aquatic animals. 4.        Food chain is affected 5.        It produces unpleasant odour 6.        It can lead to epidemic diseases like Cholera and diarrhoea. 7.        Ingested  plant poisoned with Lead  may accumulate in the          liver,kidney and  bones leading  to Lead poisoning. 8.        Indiscriminate disposal of  untreated mercury- containing effluents into oceans, seas and water usually result in  mercury --poisoning of aquatic food like shellfish, fishes and with fatal consequence for the consumers. Control 1.        Task force to the monitor water pollution should be set up. 2.        There should be an efficient and proper sewage disposal        system. 3.        Industries should be sited away from water bodies. 4.        There should be public enlightenment on waste disposal. 5.        Industrial effluents should be recycled. **ASSIGNMENTS** 1.One the followings pollutants affect the green chlorophyll of plants(a)nitrogen dioxide(b)carbon monoxide(c)Sulphur dioxide(d)carbon dioxde. 2.Which of the following is not a pollutant of the air?(a)dust(b)heat(c)smoke (d)moisture 3.Oil spillage can be controlled by (a)applying biochemical oxygen demand(b)by littering water oil(c)by applying detergent(d)by removing oil with herbicide 4.Mention four ways of preventing water pollution in an environment. 5.Which of the following is not a renewable natural resources?(A)soil (B)water (C)Gold (D) air 6.The fumes of motor cars has in its constituents a very serious pollutant as (A)carbon (ii) oxide (B)nitrous oxide (C)carbon(iv) oxide (D)lead oxide 7.All  of the following are pollutants except (A)carbon (ii) oxide (B)sulphur dioxide (C)lead oxide (D)oxygen 8.The tapeworm is a very successful organism because (A) good locomotory organs (B)sharp sight (C)a well developed   brain (D)a good reproductive system. ESSAY 9a.What are the causes of air pollutant? b.Describe  the  effects of  carbon monoxide and smoke or soot on humans 10a.Name two pollutants of water                               b.State two effects of water pollution on organism.                                 ** WEEK 8** **ConSERVation of Natural Resources** Conversation is the planning and management of natural resources in order to secure their wise use and continuity of supply while maintaining and enhancing their value, quality and diversity. Natural resources can be renewable or non-renewable**. Renewable Natural** **resources are recoverable**. e.g. animals, plants, water, air, food, and soil **Non- renewable Natural resources** are natural resources which when get exhausted cannot be replaced or recovered. E.g. mineral such as coal, petroleum, gold deposit, tin, copper, crude oil             **Reasons for Conversation** 1.        To preserve rare and valuable specie of plant and animal for future generation. 2.        To prevent destruction of natural environment or to allow for continued use of natural resources for      man's benefit 3.        Prevent the natural beauty of the environment 4.        To promote the recycling of some scare mineral resources 5.        Forest which provides medicinal material is conserved to ensure easy availability and continued       existence. 6.        Natural resources such as wild- life, forest and minerals are conserved for research processes.             **Method of Conserving Water** 1\.         by irrigation. 2.        Dams and reservoir construction. 3.        Adequate control of use of ground water. 4.        Control of water pollution.             **Conservation of Forest** 1.        by reforestation 2.        Adequate forest management approach 3.        Maintenance of forest reserve. 4.        Having strict law guiding forest management 5.        Constituent soil conservation to encourage adequate forestation 6.        by encouraging industry to use other materials aside from wood in furniture making ** Wild life Conservation Method** 1.        Hunting is to be limited 2.        Having strict law governing wild life 3.        Establishment of more National Park. 4.        Having artificial stock 5.        By adopting game farming **Conservation of Soil** 1.        By prevention of overgrazing as this may cause soil erosion. 2.        By prevention of indiscriminate felling of trees or deforestation which may expose the soil to    erosion. 3.        Adoption of better farming practices e.g. crop rotation so as to prevent erosion, leaching, water      logging and acidity. 4.        Prevention of pollution of land so as not to destroy useful soil organism. 5.        Avoiding of clean clearing which may expose the soil to erosion. 6.        Prevention of bush burning which may expose the soil to erosion. **Ways of ensuring conservation of natural resources** 1.Establishment of agencies for conservation to ensure that these natural resources are conserved e.g.        Preservation of wild life, forest resources, water resources, air, soil and mineral resources. 2.Establishment of games reserve or national park for protection of wild life, rear or endanger specie and for recreational purpose. E.g. of reserve games inNigeria:Yankari games reserves in Bauchi state,                          Borgu games reserves in Niger state                          Shasha river forest in Ogun state                          Olomu forest reserve in Kwara state                          Mamu forest reserves in Anambra state                          Zamfara forest reserve in Zamfara state 3.        Making of conservation laws, edict or decree. 4.        There should be enlightenment of conservation education 5.        They must set standard for pollution. **Agencies responsible for conservation** 1.        Nigeria Conservation Fund (NCF) 2.        Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) 3.        International Union of Conservation and National Resources (IUCNR) 4.        World Wide life Fund (WWF) 5.        Ministry of Agriculture 6.        Department of Wild life conservation 7.        River Basin Development of Authority (RBDA)             **Problem Encountered in Conservation** 1.        Poor public education and management 2.        Problem of subsistence farming method e.g. bush burning 3.        Insufficient finance 4.        Over grazing 5.        Constant cropping and fishing 6.        Short supply of land\ 7.        Problem of oil spilla.ge 8         Occurrence of natural disaster e.g. flood & earthquake. **ASSIGNMENTS** 1.State two that can be derived from forests and name  two forest reserves in Nigeria 2.List four natural resources that can be conserved  apart from forest 3.List four agencies responsible for conservation 4.a List four natural resources that can be conserved apart from  forest b.How would you  ensure the conservation of non- renewable resources.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  c.How is wild life conserved in your country. **WEEK 9& 10**                      **[REPRODUCTION]** **Reproductio**n is the ability of living organism to produce new individual of their type or new  offspring.                         **Types of Reproduction** Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction **Asexual reproduction**: is a type of reproduction in which only one parent is involved to produce offspring by itself without formation of gametes. Offspring's which are identical are called clones are produced through asexual reproduction. **Sexual reproduction**: it is a type of reproduction which involves the fusion of male and female gamete to form a zygote which later develops to a young offspring. The process of the gamete joining together is called fertilization. **[Conjugation]**: is a simple form of sexual reproduction used by some lower organisms which involves the exchange of nuclear material of the two organisms. This method is being used by organism such as paramecium, spirogyra and rhizopus.   **                               Forms of Asexual Reproduction**             Asexual reproduction involves the following methods 1.        Binary & multi fission 2.        Budding 3.        Spore formation 4.        Fragmentation 5.        Vegetative propagation i.          **[Fission (Binary/ fission]**: this is a simple form of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism   divides into two or more part and each of them develop into a new organism e.g. Amoeba, Euglena,         and Paramecium. ii.         **[Budding]**: this is a asexual reproduction where the parent organism forms an outgrowth refers to as a            bud which later get detached and develop into a new organism e.g. yeast and hydra. iii.       **[Spore formation]** it is a method of asexual reproduction where the parent organisms forms spores or       produce spores. Each spores is capable of germinating to a new organism e.g. Rhizopus, Mucor e.t.c. iv.       **[Fragmentation]**: it is an asexual method of reproduction where the parent organism breaks up into two or more pieces and each pieces can then develop into a new individual organism. E.g. Spirogyra, Sponges and Coelenterate v.         **[Vegetative Reproduction]**: it involves the use of plant part to produce new organism without the use of seed. Types of vegetative propagation a.         **[Natural Vegetative propagation]**: It is carried out by the plant themselves by means of leaves, stems and buds. Stem of different plants are modified themselves in different ways to carry out vegetative         propagation. Some stems are modified as:  -Runners                            -Sucker -Rhizome                             -Tuber -Corm                                   -Bulb e.t.c. b.         **[Artificial vegetative propagation]**: this can be done by planting the perennating organ of plant (perennating organs) are part of plants that can  survive for one growing season to the next such as tubers and rhizors. Each perenating part of plants must post a bud which can develop into a new     plant. Method of artificial vegetative propagation is as follows:             -- Budding             -- Layering             -- Grafting             -- Stem cutting             -- Marcotting **REPRODUCTION IN UNICELLULAR ORGANISM AND INVERTEBRATE** a.         **[Reproduction in Amoeba]**: Amoeba is a unicellular protozoa whose its mode of reproduction is  asexual by binary fission and also use multi- fission.             Binary fission occurs under normal condition in the water when the organism grows to a particular      size, the nucleus divides into two equal daughter nuclei and each of the daughter become enclosed      by half of the protoplasm leading to the production of two daughter cells. The cell division here is simple mitotic. **[Multi -- Fission]**: in multiple fission the amoeba become rounded in shape to form a cyst like- structure     and the protoplasm undergoes fission to produce several cells which are later released from the cyst. This type of asexual reproduction occur under unfavourable condition of weather. **[Reproduction in Paramecium]**: Paramecium is a protozoa that is more developed than amoeba. This higher level of development is reflected in their type of reproduction. Paramecium reproduces asexually by binary fission sexually by conjugation. **Transverse Binary Fission** in paramecium. At maturity the cell stop moving. The two nuclei, this is followed by the movement of the daughter nuclei in opposite direction to the anterior and the posterior and respectively of the new elongated cell. After this, the cell divides transversely along the region of the oral groove and the daughter paramecia cell becomes separated under normal condition, this occur after every 8 -- 12 hours. **CONJUGATION IN PARAMECIUM** The two individual paramecia ready for conjugation come together and get fused by the groove. In each conjugants, the nucleus dissolves in the cytoplasm.while the micronucleus remain to take part in the whole process of mating. The micro nuclei divides twice by meiosis and four nuclei are form, three of this nuclei get dissolved in the cytoplasm in each conjugant. The remaining micro nucleus divides unequally into two in each conjugants. The smaller micro nucleus are exchange between the two conjugant. The migratory micro nucleus fuses with the stationary micronucleus in each conjugants from zygote after the conjugant then separates, the zygote in each component divides thrice to form eight (8) nuclei four of the eight nuclei four mega nucleus while the three of the remaining four get dissolves in the cytoplasm. The remaining micronucleus divides twice to form four micronuclei divide to form four paramecium. Then the paramecium has one micronucleus and one mega nucleus. **Reproduction in Spirogyra** Spirogyra is filamentous algae. It reproduces asexually by vegetative and sexually by conjugation. Asexual reproduction occurs when a fragment of filament breaks away and begin to grow by dividing to produce more cells leading to elongation of the filament.                            **Sexual Reproduction in Spirogyra**. Conjugation is initiated when two filaments came to side in parallel from adjacent cells then protuberances of projection are formed. These are called conjugation tubes at the same time the entire protoplasm begins to detach from the rigid cellular. When the conjugation tubes meet, they join to form a continuous channel or passage between two cells. At the same time the chlorophyll begins to break down. Later the entire cellular content of one filament denoted as male move through the conjugation tube into the the partner known as female, followed by fission of the zygote develop zygospore to be resist adverse condition and often fat to the bottom of the pond or water body. When condition is over, the zygospore germinate into a new filament. **Reproduction In Earthworm**             The Earthworm is a well develop invertebrate with segmented body. it is an hermaphrodite because it possess both male and female reproductive system together. It can only reproduce sexually. It possess a pair of female reproductive segment on the 14^th^ segment and the male reproductive opening on the 15^th^. It has a structure called clitellum which covers segment 32- 37. The clitellum is very important in reproduction because it produces material for holding, mating worm pairs together and also secrete the cocoon in which eggs are laid. **Reproduction in Cockroach** Cockroach carries out sexual reproduction and its life history is based an I complete metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is defined as series of gradual changes that occur during the development of an animal organism from the zygote to the adult stage or  to a mature adult. Cockroach uses internal fertilization after mating, the sperm of the male cockroach are stored in a structure in the female abdomen called sperm theca or sperm pouch. Fertilization of the egg with the spermtheca take place in a pouch on the 7^th^ segment, it is the pouch that later form the dark brown pouch ootheca or egg case. The ootheca contains between10- 16 eggs. After some days, the female deposits the egg in a dark corner. The length of incubation period depends on a number of factors including temperature and  moisture but it usually takes a month. When the eggs hatch, the young one produced called **nymph** resemble the adult cockroach but the colours is pale and small in size. The nymph grows and mount several times by a process called **ECDYSIS** to allow for increase in size until it becomes an adult. Cockroach is said to undergo incomplete metamorphosis because the young one does not undergo change to forms in the course of life history **Reproduction in Housefly** The adult male and female houseflies mate, the fertilize eggs are laid within two- three days. Housefly is an insect that reproduces by complete metamorphosis i.e. egg          larva         pupa           adult or imago. It lives on a decay organic matter where it assumes different forms in the course of its development. Fertilization in housefly is internal and the egg colour is pale white and are in batches ,each batch is made up of about 100 -- 150 eggs. The eggs hatch after 24 hours into larva (larvae) called MAGGOT. The maggot has twelve segments, it is cylindrical in shape but larger towards the anterior region. Eyes and legs are absent. The first segments form the THORAX There are some pads on the segment which are locomotion. The first thoracic segment which also aid locomotion bears a pair of posterior spiracle is found on the segment twelve. On the first segment is a mouth with hook with which the larva feed continuously. It moults twice before metamorphosing into  a pupa after 5 days. The pupa is formed when the larva moves to a dry spot, shorten and its skin harden to make it assume a barrel shape. The skin of the lava forms a puparium where internal reorganization takes place. The anterior and posterior spiracle are still present for respiration.             In a period of about 5 days in warm weather the cap of the puparium is forced open by ptilinum which helps the fly to come out of the soil. On reaching the surface, the fly rests until its wings are unfolded and the body wall hardens. It flies off in search of food. After few days, it finds a partner and mate. **Reproduction in Snail**.The snail is hermaphrodite but there are no separate testis and ovaries. It has a single organ responsible for the production of sperm and egg called **OVOTESTIS**. The ovotestis contains units called tubules. The tubule contains follicles that are responsible for the production of sperm and egg. Although, sperms and eggs are produced in the same place, they do not pass out at the same time. So there is no change for self fertilization. A common duct leaves the ovotetis and separate into two as it approaches the albumen gland into **OVIDUCT** and **VAS DEFERENCES** which carry the sperms and oviduct. The vas deferens joins the **PENIS** which has flagellum and a retractor muscle. A flagellum is responsible for shaping of the sperm. During courtship, the snail takes shift to introduce sperm in another.Fertilization is internal and it takes places in the mouth of receptacle which stores sperms called **SEMINAL** **RECEPTACLE**. The matured fertilized eggs are laid in **NEST DUG** out of moist soil. It lays several dozen eg then covers them with soil where they stay until they are ready to hatch.    **ASSIGNMENTS** 1.Define reproduction ii.state the two major types of reproduction iii.list all forms of reproduction taking place lower organisms. iv.explain the process of conjugation in(a)paramecium(b)spirogyra v.discuss the life cycle/life history of house fly. 34 minutes read Sharing is caring [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/) [Messenger](fb-messenger://share?app_id=5303202981&display=popup&link=https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/&redirect_uri=https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/) [Messenger](https://www.facebook.com/dialog/send?app_id=5303202981&display=popup&link=https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/&redirect_uri=https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/) [WhatsApp](https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=Biology%20Lesson%20Note%20SS1%20Second%20Term%20https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/) [Telegram](https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/&text=Biology%20Lesson%20Note%20SS1%20Second%20Term) [Line](https://line.me/R/msg/text/?Biology%20Lesson%20Note%20SS1%20Second%20Term%20https://edudelight.com/biology-lesson-note-ss1-second-term/)