Reproduction and Tolerance in Organisms
50 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following processes describes how Spirogyra filaments reproduce asexually?

  • Formation of conjugation tubes between adjacent cells.
  • Development of zygospores resistant to adverse conditions.
  • Fragmentation of the filament followed by cell division and elongation. (correct)
  • Fusion of cellular content from one filament to another.

Earthworms, possessing both male and female reproductive systems, can reproduce asexually through fragmentation.

False (B)

Which of the following best describes the relationship between tolerance range and geographical range of a species?

  • Geographical range is solely dependent on the availability of food resources, irrespective of tolerance.
  • Tolerance and geographical ranges are unrelated; species distribution is random.
  • Tolerance range dictates geographical range, as organisms can only inhabit areas within their tolerance limits. (correct)
  • Geographical range determines the tolerance range, as species adapt to the conditions of their habitat.

What is the role of the clitellum in earthworm reproduction?

<p>The clitellum produces material for holding mating pairs together and secretes the cocoon in which eggs are laid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animals' mobile nature makes their tolerance range easy to study.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'tolerance' in the context of ecology.

<p>Tolerance refers to the range of physical and chemical environmental factors that an organism can withstand and still survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cockroaches, after mating, sperm from the male are stored in the female's abdomen in a structure called the ________.

<p>sperm theca</p> Signup and view all the answers

The law of tolerance states that the distribution of a species is controlled by the environmental factor for which the organism has the ______ range of adaptability.

<p>minimum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cockroach nymphs after they hatch from the ootheca?

<p>They resemble adult cockroaches but are smaller and paler. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conjugation in Spirogyra involves the movement of cellular content from the female filament to the male filament through conjugation tubes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'minimum range' in the context of an organism's tolerance?

<p>The minimum range indicates conditions when survival, growth and reproduction are most affected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ootheca in cockroaches, and what is its function?

<p>The ootheca is a dark brown egg case that contains between 10-16 eggs, protecting them during incubation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecological interactions with their descriptions:

<p>Commensalism = One organism benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor helped. Saprophytism = An organism obtains nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter. Parasitism = One organism benefits at the expense of another, causing harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An association between algae and fungi is called?

<p>symbiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the reproductive structures or processes with the corresponding organism:

<p>Clitellum = Earthworm Conjugation tube = Spirogyra Ootheca = Cockroach Hermaphrodite = Earthworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how tolerance range might influence a species' response to climate change.

<p>Species with a narrow tolerance range may be particularly vulnerable to climate change because they are less able to adapt to changing environmental conditions, potentially leading to population declines or extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what environmental condition does multiple fission typically occur in amoeba?

<p>During unfavourable weather conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In paramecium, asexual reproduction occurs through multiple fission, while sexual reproduction occurs through binary fission.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During conjugation in Paramecium, what is the role of the micronucleus?

<p>The micronucleus participates in the process of mating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In transverse binary fission in paramecium, the cell divides along the region of the ______.

<p>oral groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events occurs during conjugation in Paramecium?

<p>The micronucleus undergoes meiosis and subsequent exchange of genetic material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final outcome of conjugation in Paramecium regarding the nuclei?

<p>Each paramecium ends up with one micronucleus and one macronucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spirogyra reproduces asexually by conjugation and sexually by vegetative reproduction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organisms with their mode of asexual reproduction:

<p>Amoeba (under normal conditions) = Binary Fission Amoeba (under unfavourable conditions) = Multiple Fission Paramecium = Transverse Binary Fission Spirogyra = Vegetative Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural adaptation primarily aids a lizard in escaping danger?

<p>Ability to regenerate its lost tail (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aestivation in snails is a structural adaptation involving the secretion of mucus to survive long periods of dryness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms that are resistant to high salt concentrations in their environment are called ______.

<p>halophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation associated with the flight of birds?

<p>Clawed digits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List four structural adaptations of a lizard.

<p>Scales for reduced desiccation, regenerative tail, protective coloration, sharp claws, long neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most indicative of a swamp forest environment?

<p>Prevalence of plants with aerial roots and a mix of salt and fresh water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tropical rainforests generally experience a large annual temperature range due to their location near the equator.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped is best described as:

<p>Commensalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Countershading, where an animal has a dark dorsal surface and a light ventral surface, is primarily an adaptation for:

<p>Concealment coloration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two plant species commonly found in the mangrove or swamp forest.

<p>Red mangrove, White mangrove, Raffia palm, Coconut</p> Signup and view all the answers

The savanna zone is characterized mainly by ________ and is divided into three main types.

<p>grasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs exemplifies commensalism?

<p>Remora fish and shark (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reptiles can survive in hot environments due to:

<p>Presence of a tough body covered with scales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biomes with their characteristic features:

<p>Swamp Forest = Presence of aerial roots and a mix of salt and fresh water Tropical Rainforest = Tall trees with buttress roots and high biodiversity Southern Guinea Savanna = Tall grasses and scattered trees; moderate rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states is least likely to host a tropical rainforest?

<p>Oyo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT an adaptation typically found in terrestrial organisms?

<p>Poorly developed roots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Southern Guinea Savanna is the smallest of all communities in Nigeria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a specific adaptation of plants commonly found in the tropical rainforest?

<p>Buttress roots for stability in shallow soils. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is most indicative of a hot desert environment?

<p>High evaporation rates coupled with low relative humidity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cold deserts are typically located near coastal regions to benefit from the moderating influence of the sea.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation(s) do plants in cold deserts typically have to minimize water loss?

<p>woody stems, needle-like or spiny leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shrub vegetation is commonly found in the borderlands of tropical deserts and is characterized by low, thorny trees such as the thorny ______.

<p>acacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vegetation types with their typical climate/location characteristics:

<p>Hot Desert = High temperatures, sparse vegetation, associated with cold currents Cold Desert = Interior of continents, short grasses, cold winters and hot summers Shrub Vegetation = Semi-arid regions, low rainfall, thorny trees Afro-Alpine = High mountains, decreasing temperature and pressure with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most significantly influences the distribution of vegetation types on mountains with Afro-alpine environments?

<p>Altitude and aspect (windward vs. leeward side). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The leeward side of a mountain in an Afro-alpine environment typically experiences more luxuriant forest vegetation compared to the windward side.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of shrub vegetation that enables it to survive in semi-arid environments?

<p>Extensive root systems and drought-resistant adaptations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hot Desert Temperature

Temperatures range between 30°C and 60°C in hot deserts.

Cold Desert Location

Cold deserts are found at latitudes 45°N and 60°N and S of the equator.

Hot Desert Vegetation

Hot deserts have sparse vegetation including grasses, shrubs, and herbs.

Cold Desert Rainfall

Cold deserts receive about 25cm of rainfall due to distance from the sea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drought Resistant Plants

Cold deserts have plants like woody stemmed and needle-like to reduce evaporation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Afro-Alpine Vegetation Location

Afro-alpine vegetation is found in high mountains like Kilimanjaro in East Africa.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Afro-Alpine Characteristics

Afro-alpine areas have decreasing temperature and pressure with altitude.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leeward vs Windward Rainfall

Windward sides of mountains receive heavy rainfall; leeward sides are dry.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Commensalism

A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Saprophytism

A relationship where an organism feeds on decaying organic matter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parasitism

A relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tolerance

The ability of an organism to withstand environmental changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tolerance Range

The limits within which a living organism can survive environmental changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Minimum Range

The narrowest range affecting survival, growth, and reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maximum Range

The highest environmental factors affecting survival of an organism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Geographical Range

The area where most organisms can live based on their tolerance levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Savanna Zone

A grassy biome divided into Southern, Northern, and Sahel savannas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Southern Guinea Savanna

The largest savanna community in Nigeria, with moderate rainfall and tall grasses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Swamp Forest

A forest with tall wooden trees and a mix of salt and fresh water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tropical Rain Forest

A dense forest with tall trees, high rainfall, and diverse plant and animal life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Characteristics of Swamp Forest

Includes tall trees, aerial roots, and a combination of salt and fresh water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Characteristics of Southern Guinea Savanna

Moderate rainfall of 100-150cm, tall grasses, and scattered deciduous trees.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Common Plant Species in Swamp Forest

Includes red and white mangrove, raffia palm, and coconut.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Animals in Tropical Rain Forest

Includes chameleons, monkeys, birds, and squirrels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bulging eyes in water

Adaptation to help see better while submerged.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stout forelimbs

Strong limbs that aid in landing and stability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scales

Skin covering that reduces water loss in lizards.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tail regeneration

Lizards can regrow their tails to escape predators.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protective coloration

Color patterns that help lizards evade predators or attract mates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sharp claws

Claws used by lizards for climbing and gripping.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calcareous shells

Hard protective shells that help snails retain moisture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aestivation

Survival strategy during dry periods using mucus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Countershading

Dark dorsal and light ventral surfaces for camouflage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pollution definition

Release of harmful substances into the environment causing damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction where an organism divides into two equal daughter cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Fission

Asexual reproduction producing several cells from one organism under unfavorable conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reproduction in Paramecium

Paramecium can reproduce asexually by binary fission or sexually by conjugation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transverse Binary Fission

Paramecium divides transversely after moving its daughter nuclei.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conjugation in Paramecium

A sexual reproduction process where two Paramecia exchange micronuclei and form zygotes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Micronucleus

A small nucleus that plays a key role in Paramecium reproduction during conjugation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mega Nucleus

A larger nucleus formed after multiple divisions during Paramecium reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spirogyra Reproduction

Spirogyra reproduces asexually through vegetative means and sexually by conjugation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asexual reproduction in Spirogyra

Occurs when a fragment of filament breaks and grows to produce more cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conjugation in Spirogyra

A process where two filaments align, forming conjugation tubes for sexual reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Zygospore

The resistant form developed after the fission of a zygote in Spirogyra.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Earthworm reproduction

Earthworms are hermaphrodites that reproduce sexually and possess both male and female systems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clitellum

A structure in earthworms that produces a cocoon for eggs and holds mating pairs together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cockroach reproduction

Cockroaches reproduce sexually through internal fertilization and incomplete metamorphosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ootheca

The egg case formed by female cockroaches that contains several eggs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nymph

Young cockroaches that resemble adults but are smaller and paler.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Ecology

  • Ecology is the study of living organisms (e.g., plants and animals) in relation to their environment.
  • Ecology is divided into two main groups: Autecology and Synecology.
  • Autecology studies an individual organism and its environment, for example a single rat.
  • Synecology studies the interrelationship between groups of organisms living together in an area, for example the different organisms in a river in relation to the aquatic environment.

Basic Ecological Concept

  • Habitat: A specific environment where an organism naturally lives. Examples: fish in water, monkeys in trees.
  • Environment: All the external and internal, living and non-living factors that affect an organism.

Ecosystem

  • Ecosystem: An association of living components (plants and animals) with non-living environmental factors.

Biotic Community

  • Biotic community: A naturally occurring group of different organisms living together and interacting in the same environment.

Biomes

  • Biome: The largest community of an organism. Examples: rainforest, Guinea savannah.

Biosphere/Ecosphere

  • Biosphere/Ecosphere: The zone of the Earth occupied by living organisms. A layer of life in the earth's surface where complex biological processes occur.

Lithosphere

  • Lithosphere: The solid portion of the Earth made up of rock and mineral materials.

Hydrosphere

  • Hydrosphere: The liquid portion of the Earth containing water in various forms (ice, liquid, and gases). Examples include lakes, pools, springs, oceans, seas, ponds, and rivers.

Atmosphere

  • Atmosphere: The gaseous portion of the Earth, a layer of gases surrounding the Earth.

Ecological Niche

  • Ecological niche: The specific portion of an habitat which is occupied by a particular species of an organism. It is the functional role or position of an organism within a community.

Population

  • Population: The total number of organisms of the same species living together in a given area. For example, the total number of tilapia fish in a pond is the population of tilapia in that pond.

Components of Ecosystem

  • Biotic Factors: The living components of an ecosystem (e.g., producers, consumers, decomposers)
  • Producers: Autotrophs (green plants, protophyta and chemosynthetic bacteria)
  • Consumers: Heterotrophs (animals, protozoa and some bacteria). Classified as Herbivores, Carnivores, or Omnivores.
  • Decomposers: Organism that causes decay or putrefaction, such as fungi, bacteria, and some insects (e.g., termites).

Abiotic Factors

  • Abiotic factors: Non-living components of an ecosystem that affect living organisms.
    • Climate factors (temperature, humidity, wind, sunlight, light intensity)
    • Edaphic factors (soil factors).
    • Inorganic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon dioxide, oxygen,)
    • Water current
    • Turbidity.

Biomes of Nigeria

  • Forest Zone: Vegetation with trees: Mangrove/swamp forests and Tropical rain forests.
  • Savanna Zone: Primarily grasses. Subdivided into: Southern guinea savanna, Northern guinea savanna, Sahel savanna.
  • Characteristics of Mangrove or Swamp forest: tall wooden trees and aerial roots
  • Characteristics of Rain forest: tall trees with buttresses roots, evergreen broad leaves, climbers, epiphytes, creepers, and parasitic plants. Little undergrowth
  • Characteristics of Savanna: grasses, scattered and deciduous trees.
    • Southern Guinea savanna: largest biome in Nigeria .has moderate rainfall between 100-150 cm annually.
  • Characteristics of Sahel savanna: short, scattered deciduous trees, tall grasses. Low rainfall (50-100 cm per annum). Has short and scanty grasses
  • Desert: Areas of dryness or acidity with little or no rainfall. Dominated by drought-resistant plants (e.g., acacia, gum Arabic, date palm). Has short and scanty grasses.

Tolerance

  • Tolerance: The ability of an organism to survive environmental conditions.
  • Range of Tolerance: The range of an environmental condition that an organism can withstand. A change in an environmental factor like temperature, rainfall or salinity can cause unfavourable condition for living organisms.
  • Minimum Range. Lowest range of factors at which distribution of organisms will be affected i.e. in terms of survival, growth and reproduction.
  • Maximum Range. Highest range of factors at which distribution of organisms will be affected i.e. in terms of survival.
  • Law of Tolerance: The law states that the distribution of species will be controlled by environmental factors for which organisms have the minimum environmental factors for adaptability or control.

Geographical Range

  • The geographical range of an organism is a specific location within which an organism can live.

Adaptation

  • Adaptation: Features or characteristics of an organism that enhance its survival in a particular habitat.
  • Adaptive features for animals to aquatic or terrestrial habitats are well documented in the text.
  • Adaptation for plants in different habitats (hydrophytes, xerophytes, halophytes) are provided in detail.

Pollution

  • Pollutions are the release of harmful or toxic substances in a quantity that is harmful to human, animals, and plants.
  • Types of pollutions- air, noise, land and water pollutions.
    • Examples of air pollutants are Carbon(CO) which causes suffocation, Oxide of Nitrogen (NO) that causes acid rain, which irritates the skin and respiratory system, and smoke &soot reduces photosynthesis, blackens paint on buildings, irritates respiratory systems causing cough.
    • Examples of water pollutants are refuse and sewage, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers, crude oil, and heavy metals such as lead and mercury, causing water unfit for drinking, destroying aquatic plants and animals

Conservation of natural resources

  • Conservation is the wise usage of natural resources in order to secure their wise use and continuity of supply.
  • Renewable resources can be recovered (e.g., animals, plants, water, air, food, and soil)
  • Non-renewable resources cannot be readily replaced (e.g., minerals).

Reproduction

  • Reproduction: The ability of living organisms to produce new individuals (offspring) of their type.
  • Asexual reproduction: One parents (e.g., binary fission, budding, spore, fragmentation)
  • Sexual reproduction: Two parents (e.g., conjugation, fertilization)
  • Vegetative reproduction (involves using plant parts to produce new organisms).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Biology Lesson Note SS1 Second Term PDF

Description

Explore diverse asexual and sexual reproduction methods in organisms like Spirogyra and earthworms. Understand the role of structures such as the clitellum and ootheca. Learn about tolerance ranges and their impact on species distribution as defined by the law of tolerance.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser