BIOL 109 Practical 1 Study Guide PDF

Name: _________________________ BIOL 109 LAB Practical 1 Study Guide Lab Practical 1 will be given on Friday, Feb 21. Please study the following information for the lab exam. UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOM...

Name: _________________________ BIOL 109 LAB Practical 1 Study Guide Lab Practical 1 will be given on Friday, Feb 21. Please study the following information for the lab exam. UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMICAL TERMS ▪ Describe and demonstrate the anatomical position, page 8. ▪ Define the following directional terms. Pages 9-11. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Superior (cranial/cephalic) Medial Superficial (external) Inferior(caudal) Lateral Deep (internal) Anterior (ventral) Proximal Posterior (dorsal) Distal ▪ Describe the following regional terms, pages 12-14. Anterior View Abdominal Crural Palmar Antebrachial Digital Patellar Antecubital Femoral Pedal Axillary Frontal Pelvic Brachial Inguinal Sternal Buccal Nasal Tarsal Carpal Oral Cervical Orbital Posterior View Calcaneal Lumbar Vertebral Cephalic Occipital Gluteal Plantar ▪ Identify the body cavities and the name one organ found in each cavity, pages 16-17. Dorsal Body cavity Ventral body cavity - Cranial cavity - Thoracic cavity - Vertebral cavity - Pleural cavities - Pericardial cavity - Mediastinum - Abdominopelvic cavity - Abdominal cavity - Pelvic cavity ▪ Identify one organ located within each abdominopelvic quadrant, page 17. Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant ▪ Describe and identify the different body planes, page 23. Sagittal plane Frontal (coronal) plane - Midsagittal plane Transverse (horizontal) plane - Parasagittal plane ▪ List one organ located in each organ system, along with a general function of each organ system, pages 25-28 Integumentary system (skin) Endocrine system (thyroid gland) Digestive system (stomach) Skeletal system (bones) Cardiovascular system (heart) Urinary system (kidneys) Muscular system (muscles) Lymphatic system (lymph nodes) Reproductive system (testes, ovaries) Nervous system (brain) Respiratory system (lungs) UNIT 3: INTRODUCTION TO THE MICROSCOPE ▪ Identify the parts of the microscope, page 71. Ocular lenses Iris diaphragm Fine adjustment knob Objective lenses (low, medium, high) Lamp Stage adjustment knob Stage Base Power switch Stage clips Arm Light Condenser Coarse adjustment knob Light control dial ▪ Calculate total magnification, page 72. ▪ Describe the proper way to transport, use, and care for the microscope, page 73. ▪ Answer questions 2 and 4 (Procedure 2), page 74. UNIT 4: CYTOLOGY ▪ Identify the parts of a cell, pages 86-88. Cell membrane Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm (cytosol) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Lysosome Ribosome Chromosomes Centrioles Mitochondria Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Peroxisome ▪ Define diffusion and discuss the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion, pages 91-92. ▪ Define osmosis, page 94. ▪ Discuss the effect of isotonic, hypotonic (pond water), and hypertonic (10% NaCl) solutions on Elodea, pages 94-96. ▪ Identify the stages of the cell cycle (table below), and be able to distinguish the different stages of the mitosis models, pages 98-99. Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase Page 2 UNIT 5: HISTOLOGY ▪ Distinguish the different types of epithelial tissue (table below), pages 117-121. Simple squamous epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Simple cuboidal epithelium Transitional epithelium epithelium ▪ Distinguish the different types of connective tissue, pages 125-130. Loose (areolar) CT Dense irregular CT Bone Adipose CT Hyaline cartilage Dense regular collagenous CT Elastic cartilage UNIT 6: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ▪ Identify the cutaneous membrane or integument, page 149. ▪ Distinguish the layers of skin: epidermis and dermis, and know the tissue types of each, pages 149-150. ▪ Identify the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer, and know its function, page 149. ▪ Describe and Identify the accessory structures of skin, pages 150-152. ▪ Identify the layers of skin, pages 149-150. Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Dermis Papillary layer Reticular layer Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) *Not a part of skin ▪ Identify the accessory structures of skin., pages 150-152. Dermal papillae Sebaceous gland Nail plate Hair shaft Merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland Nail folds (proximal and lateral) Hair root Apocrine sweat gland Eponychium Hair follicle Meissner’s (tactile) corpuscle Lunula Pore Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle Arrector pili muscle Nail UNIT 7: INTRODUCTION TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ▪ Describe and locate the following structures of compact bone, pages 171-173. Osteon Lamellae Trabeculae Central (Haversian) canal Lacunae Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals Osteocyte ▪ Identify the following bone shapes, pages 176-177. Long bone Flat bone Sesamoid bone Short bone Irregular bone Page 3 ▪ Classify the following bones according to their shape, page 177. Carpal bones Humerus Sphenoid Femur Patella Tarsal bones Frontal bone Scapula Vertebra ▪ Identify the following structures of a long bone, page 178. Compact bone Marrow (medullary) cavity Epiphyses (proximal and distal) Spongy bone Diaphysis UNIT 8: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ▪ Distinguish between axial and appendicular skeleton, page 191. ▪ identify the following bones of the skull, sutures, and other skull features, pages 192-202. Bones of Skull: Completed Activity BONE / BONE MARKING NOTES SKULL Frontal bone (1) Parietal bones (2) Temporal bones (2) - External acoustic (auditory) meatus - Styloid process - Mastoid process - Mandibular fossa Occipital bone (1) - Foramen magnum - Occipital condyle Sphenoid bone (1) - Sella turcica - Optic canal Ethmoid bone (1) - Crista galli - Cribriform plate - Perpendicular plate Maxillae (2) (maxillary bones) Palatine bones (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Vomer bone (1) Mandible (1) Page 4 Skull Sutures: Completed Activity SUTURE NOTES Sagittal suture Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Other Skull Features: Completed Activity SKULL FEATURE NOTES Hard palate Zygomatic arch Hyoid Bone: Completed Activity BONE NOTES Hyoid Bone ▪ Identify the following bones of the vertebral column, bony thorax, and other features, pages 204-208. Bones of Vertebral Column: Completed Activity BONE / BONE MARKING NOTES VERTEBRAL COLUMN Cervical vertebrae (7) (c1 to c7) Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) - Odontoid process (dens) - Transverse foramina Thoracic vertebrae (12) (t1 to t12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) (l1 to l5) Sacrum Coccyx General Vertebra Features: Completed Activity VERTEBRA FEATURES NOTES Body Vertebral canal Transverse process Spinous process Intervertebral discs Page 5 Bones of Thoracic Cage: Completed Activity BONE / BONE MARKING NOTES THORACIC CAGE (25) Sternum (1) - Manubrium - Body - Xiphoid process Ribs (12 pairs) - True (7 pairs; pairs 1-7) - False ribs (3 pairs; pairs 8- 10) - Floating) ribs (2 pairs; pairs 11-12) ▪ Identify the following bones of the appendicular skeleton, their bone markings, and other Features, pages 204-217. Bones of Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs: Completed Activity BONE / BONE MARKING NOTES PECTORAL GIRDLE Clavicles (2) Scapulae (2) - Acromion - Coracoid process - Glenoid cavity - Spine ARM Humerus (2) - Head - Greater / lesser tubercles - Medial / lateral epicondyles - Trochlea - Capitulum - Coronoid fossa - Olecranon fossa FOREARM Radius (2) - Radial head - Radial tuberosity - Styloid process Page 6  Ulna (2) - Olecranon - Trochlear notch - Coronoid process - Radial notch - Styloid process WRIST and HAND Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) Bones of Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs: Completed Activity BONE / BONE MARKING NOTES PELVIC GIRDLE Pelvic bones [os coxae] (2) Bones: Ilium - Iliac crest - Greater sciatic notch Ischium - Ischial tuberosity Pubis - Pubic symphysis - Pubic arch Bone markings: - Acetabulum - Obturator foramen THIGH Femur (2) - Head - Neck - Greater / lesser trochanters - Medial/lateral epicondyles - Media/lateral condyles Patella (2) LEG Tibia (2) Page 7 - Medial / lateral condyles - Tibial tuberosity - Anterior crest / border - Medial malleolus Fibula (2) - Head - Lateral malleolus ANKLE and FOOT Tarsals (14) - Talus - Calcaneus Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) - Proximal phalanx - Middle phalanx - Distal phalanx Page 8