HHP3115 Unit 1 Notes PDF

lOMoARcPSD|43571669 1 Chapter 1 – Orientation of the Human Body Anatomy: study of the structure of the human body - Gross anatomy: macroscopic – can be seen with the naked eye (think: dissections) - Microscopic anatomy: what you can see under a microscope o Example: histology,...

lOMoARcPSD|43571669 1 Chapter 1 – Orientation of the Human Body Anatomy: study of the structure of the human body - Gross anatomy: macroscopic – can be seen with the naked eye (think: dissections) - Microscopic anatomy: what you can see under a microscope o Example: histology, which studies tissues - Surface anatomy: whatever you can see from the surface of body Hierarchy of structural organization: - Chemical level: atoms form molecules o >90% of human body is made of 4 atoms (C, H, O, N) - Cellular level: cells and their functional subunits o 50-100 trillion cells in human body o Millions die and millions are formed every minute - Tissue level: a group of cells performing a common function o Includes epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous - Organ level o Qualifications to be considered an organ:  Discrete structure with defined borders  Contains more than 1 tissue  Note: wherever there’s epithelial tissue, there must be connective tissue to support it. This automatically qualifies is as an organ o Includes each bone, each blood vessel, etc. - Organ system level: organs working together - Organismal level: whole body o The result of all simpler levels working in unison Anatomical position: the common visual reference point - Standing with feet together and eyes forward - Palms face forward with thumbs pointed away from the body Directional terms refer to the body in anatomical position - Superior/cranial: towards head - Inferior/caudal: away from head - Anterior/ventral: towards front of body - Posterior/dorsal: towards back of body - Ventral and dorsal are NOT synonymous for anterior and posterior when you’re talking about the brain and about 4 legged animals - Medial: towards midline - Lateral: away from midline - Proximal: closer to limb’s point of attachment to body - Distal: further from limb’s point of attachment to body - Superficial: towards/at body surface - Deep: away from body surface - Ipsilateral: on the same side - Contralateral: on opposite sides Downloaded by Connor Ward ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43571669 2 Clarifications on anatomical terms of “arm” and “leg”: - Arm = shoulder to elbow - Forearm = elbow to wrist - Leg = knee to ankle - Thigh = hip to knee Regions of the body: - Axial region o Cephalic (head)  Nasal  Oral o Cervical (neck) o Thorax  Axillary (armpit)  Chest o Abdominal  Umbilical  Rest of abdomen o Back/dorsal  Vertebral (around vertebral column)  Rest of back o Gluteal (butt) - Appendicular region o Acromial (shoulder) o Brachial (arm) o Antebrachial (forearm) o Carpal (wrist) o Pollex (thumb) o Digital (fingers/toes) o Palmar (hand) o Coxal (hip) o Femoral (thigh) o Popliteal (knee) o Crural (leg) o Hallux (big toe) - These word roots will be in the names of nerves, muscles, bones, etc. Memorize! Body planes and sections: - Coronal/frontal plane: vertical, divides the body into anterior and posterior - Sagittal: vertical, divides the body into left and right o Median/midsagittal means a sagittal cut directly on midline of body - Transverse: horizontal, divides body into superior and inferior o Aka cross section - Oblique: diagonal Downloaded by Connor Ward ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43571669 3 Body cavities are all lined with membranes - Mucous membranes: line passages that communicate with the outside environment o Ex: digestive and respiratory track o Outside world is not sterile o Contain cells and associated glands that secrete mucus which functions in lubrication (to allow movement), immune system, etc. - Serous membranes: line passages that are closed to the outside o These cavities contain internal organs Internal body cavities (serous membrane lined): - Dorsal body cavity o Cranial cavity: contains brain o Vertebral cavity: contains spinal cord - Thoracic cavity: contains heart and lungs o Superior mediastinum o Pleural cavities: contain lungs o Pericardial cavity: contains heart; within the mediastinum - Abdominal cavity: contains digestive viscera - Pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated via the diaphragm Abdominal and pelvic cavities have no true separation - Therefore we could actually call in the abdominopelvic cavity All serous cavities (lined by a serous membrane) have 2 layers, with serous fluid between them - Parietal serosa: outer wall of the cavity - Visceral serosa: covering the visceral organs Examples of this: - Visceral and parietal pleura (lungs) Downloaded by Connor Ward ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43571669 4 -Visceral and parietal pericardium (heart) -Visceral and parietal peritoneum (anterior 2/3 of the abdominal cavity o Organs not surrounded by them are considered retroperitoneal (e.g. kidneys) Abdominal regions: Hypochondriac = below cartilage (like the cartilage from the ribs) Lumbar = lumbar spine (low back) Iliac = hips Downloaded by Connor Ward ([email protected])