Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which bone contains the foramen magnum?

  • Occipital bone (correct)
  • Ethmoid bone
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Frontal bone

Which of the following bones is unpaired in the skull?

  • Vomer bone (correct)
  • Nasal bone
  • Temporal bone
  • Parietal bone

Which cranial bone features the external acoustic meatus?

  • Frontal bone
  • Occipital bone
  • Temporal bone (correct)
  • Parietal bone

How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

<p>7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suture is located between the parietal bones?

<p>Sagittal suture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of the axis (C2) vertebra?

<p>Odontoid process (dens) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone contains the crista galli?

<p>Ethmoid bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vertebral canal's function is to:

<p>House and protect the spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sternum is the most inferior?

<p>Xiphoid process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of true ribs are there in the thoracic cage?

<p>7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?

<p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of epithelial tissue?

<p>Simple squamous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?

<p>Adipose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main layers of the skin?

<p>Epidermis and Dermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a layer of the epidermis?

<p>Stratum basale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is also known as the subcutaneous layer?

<p>Hypodermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cutaneous membrane is also known as the:

<p>Integument (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term for the front of the body?

<p>Ventral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to something being closer to the point of attachment or origin?

<p>Proximal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regional terms refers to the ankle?

<p>Tarsal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart is located in which cavity?

<p>Pericardial cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regional term is used to describe the arm?

<p>Brachial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which abdominopelvic quadrant is the liver primarily located?

<p>Right upper quadrant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What directional term means 'above' or 'closer to the head'?

<p>Superior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

<p>Frontal plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into equal left and right halves?

<p>Midsagittal plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is part of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a part of the microscope used to initially focus on a specimen?

<p>Coarse adjustment knob (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to calculate the total magnification of a specimen when using a microscope?

<p>Multiply the objective lens magnification by the ocular lens magnification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a basic part of a cell?

<p>Chromosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where molecules move from an area of high concentration gradient, to an area of low concentration gradient?

<p>Diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane called?

<p>Osmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell grow and prepare for DNA replication?

<p>G1 phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone marking is found on the scapula?

<p>Acromion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The humerus is a bone of the:

<p>Arm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a bone of the forearm?

<p>Radius (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many carpal bones are there in one wrist?

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The iliac crest is a bone marking found on the:

<p>Ilium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone contains the greater trochanter?

<p>Femur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tibia is commonly known as the:

<p>Shinbone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is located in the ankle?

<p>Tarsals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Foramen Magnum

The prominent opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

Sella Turcica

A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.

Crista Galli

A ridge of bone that projects superiorly from the ethmoid bone; serves as an attachment point for the falx cerebri.

Sagittal Suture

The suture located between the two parietal bones.

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Zygomatic Arch

The bony arch formed by the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone; cheek bone.

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Atlas (C1)

The first cervical vertebra (C1), which articulates with the skull.

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Axis (C2)

The second cervical vertebra (C2), which allows rotation of the head.

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Odontoid process (dens)

A bony projection on the axis (C2) that articulates with the atlas (C1).

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Transverse foramina

An opening in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein.

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Intervertebral discs

Connects the vertebral bodies and provides cushioning and flexibility to the spine.

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Anatomical Position

Standing upright, feet together, eyes forward, palms facing forward.

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Superior (Cranial/Cephalic)

Toward the head or above.

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Inferior (Caudal)

Away from the head or below.

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Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front of the body.

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Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back of the body.

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Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

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Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

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Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment.

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Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right sections.

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Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body into front and back sections.

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Integumentary System

The body's outer covering, protecting from the outside world.

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Endocrine System

Coordinates body functions through hormones.

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Total Magnification

Objective lens magnification multiplied by ocular lens magnification.

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Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell.

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Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration; temperature increases this rate.

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Interphase

The cell cycle phase of normal cell growth and function.

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Mitosis

Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells; includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

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Cytokinesis

The physical division of a cell into two daughter cells.

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Simple squamous epithelium

A single layer of flat cells; allows for diffusion and filtration.

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Epidermis

The outermost protective layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

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Dermis

The deeper layer of the skin, composed of connective tissue, containing blood vessels, nerves, and accessory structures.

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Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

Innermost layer of skin; it stores fat and anchors the skin to underlying tissues (not technically part of the skin).

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Accessory structures of skin

Includes hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands extending from the epidermis into the dermis.

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Pectoral Girdle

Connects the arm to the axial skeleton; includes the clavicle and scapula.

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Acromion

Bony projection on the scapula that articulates with the clavicle.

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Glenoid Cavity

The socket in the scapula that receives the head of the humerus.

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Greater Tubercle (Humerus)

Large, rounded prominence on proximal humerus for muscle attachment.

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Trochlea (Humerus)

Distal end of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.

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Pelvic (Os Coxae) Bones

Bones forming the hip; ilium, ischium, and pubis.

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Ilium

Large, superior portion of the pelvic bone; the hip bone.

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Acetabulum

Receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint.

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Study Notes

  • The lab practical will be on Friday, Feb 21.

Introduction to Anatomical Terms

  • Describe and demonstrate the anatomical position.
  • Define directional terms including:
    • Superior (cranial/cephalic)
    • Inferior (caudal)
    • Anterior (ventral)
    • Posterior (dorsal)
    • Medial
    • Lateral
    • Superficial (external)
    • Deep (internal)
    • Proximal
    • Distal
  • Describe the regional terms including:
    • Anterior View:
      • Abdominal
      • Antebrachial
      • Antecubital
      • Axillary
      • Brachial
      • Buccal
      • Carpal
      • Cervical
      • Crural
      • Digital
      • Femoral
      • Frontal
      • Inguinal
      • Nasal
      • Oral
      • Orbital
      • Palmar
      • Patellar
      • Pedal
      • Pelvic
      • Sternal
      • Tarsal
    • Posterior View:
      • Calcaneal
      • Cephalic
      • Gluteal
      • Lumbar
      • Occipital
      • Plantar
      • Vertebral
  • Identify the body cavities and name one organ found in each cavity:
    • Dorsal Body Cavity:
      • Cranial cavity
      • Vertebral cavity
    • Ventral body cavity:
      • Thoracic cavity
        • Pleural cavities
        • Pericardial cavity
        • Mediastinum
      • Abdominopelvic cavity
        • Abdominal cavity
        • Pelvic cavity
  • Identify one organ located within each abdominopelvic quadrant:
    • Right upper quadrant
    • Left upper quadrant
    • Right lower quadrant
    • Left lower quadrant

Body Planes

  • Describe and identify the different body planes:
    • Sagittal plane
    • Midsagittal plane
    • Parasagittal plane
    • Frontal (coronal) plane
    • Transverse (horizontal) plane

Organ Systems

  • List one organ located in each organ system, along with a general function of each organ system:
    • Integumentary system (skin)
    • Skeletal system (bones)
    • Muscular system (muscles)
    • Nervous system (brain)
    • Endocrine system (thyroid gland)
    • Cardiovascular system (heart)
    • Lymphatic system (lymph nodes)
    • Respiratory system (lungs)
    • Digestive system (stomach)
    • Urinary system (kidneys)
    • Reproductive system (testes, ovaries)

Introduction to the Microscope

  • Identify the parts of the microscope:
    • Ocular lenses
    • Objective lenses (low, medium, high)
    • Stage
    • Stage clips
    • Condenser
    • Iris diaphragm
    • Lamp
    • Base
    • Arm
    • Coarse adjustment knob
    • Fine adjustment knob
    • Stage adjustment knob
    • Power switch
    • Light
    • Light control dial
  • Calculate total magnification.
  • Describe the proper way to transport, use, and care for the microscope.
  • Answer questions 2 and 4 (Procedure 2).

Cytology

  • Identify the parts of a cell:
    • Cell membrane
    • Cytoplasm (cytosol)
    • Nucleus
    • Chromosomes
    • Nucleolus
    • Nuclear envelope
    • Cytoskeleton
    • Lysosome
    • Centrioles
    • Golgi apparatus
    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
    • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
    • Ribosome
    • Mitochondria
    • Peroxisome
  • Define diffusion and discuss the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion.
  • Define osmosis.
  • Discuss the effect of isotonic, hypotonic (pond water), and hypertonic (10% NaCl) solutions on Elodea.
  • Identify the stages of the cell cycle and be able to distinguish the different stages of the mitosis models:
    • Interphase
    • Mitosis
      • Prophase
      • Metaphase
      • Anaphase
      • Telophase
    • Cytokinesis

Histology

  • Distinguish the different types of epithelial tissue:
    • Simple squamous epithelium
    • Simple cuboidal epithelium
    • Simple columnar epithelium
    • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
    • Stratified squamous epithelium
    • Transitional epithelium
  • Distinguish the different types of connective tissue:
    • Loose (areolar) CT
    • Adipose CT
    • Dense regular collagenous CT
    • Dense irregular CT
    • Hyaline cartilage
    • Elastic cartilage
    • Bone

Integumentary System

  • Identify the cutaneous membrane or integument.
  • Distinguish the layers of skin: epidermis and dermis, and know the tissue types of each.
  • Identify the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer, and know its function.
  • Describe and identify the accessory structures of skin.
  • Identify the layers of skin:
    • Epidermis
      • Stratum corneum
      • Stratum lucidum
      • Stratum granulosum
      • Stratum spinosum
      • Stratum basale
    • Dermis
      • Papillary layer
      • Reticular layer
      • Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) - Not a part of skin
  • Identify the accessory structures of skin:
    • Dermal papillae
    • Hair shaft
    • Hair root
    • Hair follicle
    • Pore
    • Arrector pili muscle
    • Sebaceous gland
    • Merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland
    • Apocrine sweat gland
    • Meissner's (tactile) corpuscle
    • Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle
    • Nail plate
    • Nail folds (proximal and lateral)
    • Eponychium
    • Lunula
    • Nail

Introduction to the Skeletal System

  • Describe and locate the following structures of compact bone:
    • Osteon
    • Central (Haversian) canal
    • Perforating (Volkmann's) canals
    • Lamellae
    • Lacunae
    • Osteocyte
    • Trabeculae
  • Identify the following bone shapes:
    • Long bone
    • Short bone
    • Flat bone
    • Irregular bone
    • Sesamoid bone
  • Classify the following bones according to their shape:
    • Carpal bones
    • Femur
    • Frontal bone
    • Humerus
    • Patella
    • Scapula
    • Sphenoid
    • Tarsal bones
    • Vertebra
  • Identify the following structures of a long bone:
    • Compact bone
    • Spongy bone
    • Marrow (medullary) cavity
    • Diaphysis
    • Epiphyses (proximal and distal)

The Skeletal System

  • Distinguish between axial and appendicular skeleton.
  • Identify the following bones of the skull, sutures, and other skull features:
    • Skull:
      • Frontal bone (1)
      • Parietal bones (2)
      • Temporal bones (2)
        • External acoustic (auditory) meatus
        • Styloid process
        • Mastoid process
        • Mandibular fossa
      • Occipital bone (1)
        • Foramen magnum
        • Occipital condyle
      • Sphenoid bone (1)
        • Sella turcica
        • Optic canal
      • Ethmoid bone (1)
        • Crista galli
        • Cribriform plate
        • Perpendicular plate
      • Maxillae (2) (maxillary bones)
      • Palatine bones (2)
      • Zygomatic bones (2)
      • Lacrimal bones (2)
      • Nasal bones (2)
      • Vomer bone (1)
      • Mandible (1)
    • Skull Sutures:
      • Sagittal suture
      • Coronal suture
      • Squamous suture
      • Lambdoid suture
    • Other Skull Features:
      • Hard palate
      • Zygomatic arch
    • Hyoid Bone
      • Hyoid Bone
  • Identify the following bones of the vertebral column, bony thorax, and other features:
    • Bones of Vertebral Column:
      • Vertebral Column:
        • Cervical vertebrae (7) (C1 to C7)
          • Atlas (C1)
          • Axis (C2)
            • Odontoid process (dens)
          • Transverse foramina
        • Thoracic vertebrae (12) (T1 to T12)
        • Lumbar vertebrae (5) (L1 to L5)
        • Sacrum
        • Coccyx
      • General Vertebra Features:
        • Body
        • Vertebral canal
        • Transverse process
        • Spinous process
        • Intervertebral discs
    • Bones of Thoracic Cage:
      • Thoracic Cage (25)
        • Sternum (1)
          • Manubrium
          • Body
          • Xiphoid process
        • Ribs (12 pairs)
          • True (7 pairs; pairs 1-7)
          • False ribs (3 pairs; pairs 8-10)
          • Floating ribs (2 pairs; pairs 11-12)
  • Identify the following bones of the appendicular skeleton, their bone markings, and other Features:
    • Bones of Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs:
      • Pectoral Girdle
        • Clavicles (2)
        • Scapulae (2)
          • Acromion
          • Coracoid process
          • Glenoid cavity
          • Spine
      • Arm
        • Humerus (2)
          • Head
          • Greater / lesser tubercles
          • Medial / lateral epicondyles
          • Trochlea
          • Capitulum
          • Coronoid fossa
          • Olecranon fossa
      • Forearm
        • Radius (2)
          • Radial head
          • Radial tuberosity
          • Styloid process
        • Ulna (2)
          • Olecranon
          • Trochlear notch
          • Coronoid process
          • Radial notch
          • Styloid process
      • Wrist and Hand
        • Carpals (16)
        • Metacarpals (10)
        • Phalanges (28)
  • Bones of Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs:
    • Pelvic Girdle
      • Pelvic bones [os coxae] (2)
        • Bones:
          • Ilium
            • Iliac crest
            • Greater sciatic notch
          • Ischium
            • Ischial tuberosity
          • Pubis
            • Pubic symphysis
            • Pubic arch
        • Bone markings:
          • Acetabulum
          • Obturator foramen
      • Thigh
        • Femur (2)
          • Head
          • Neck
          • Greater / lesser trochanters
          • Medial/lateral epicondyles
          • Media/lateral condyles
      • Patella (2)
      • Leg
        • Tibia (2)
          • Medial / lateral condyles
          • Tibial tuberosity
          • Anterior crest / border
          • Medial malleolus
        • Fibula (2)
          • Head
          • Lateral malleolus
      • Ankle and Foot
        • Tarsals (14)
          • Talus
          • Calcaneus
        • Metatarsals (10)
        • Phalanges (28)
          • Proximal phalanx
          • Middle phalanx
          • Distal phalanx

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Test your knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology. Questions cover the skeletal system, including bones of the skull and vertebral column, tissues, skin layers, and anatomical terminology. Assess your understanding with this quiz.

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