Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Lecture 1 PDF

⚠ TAKE NOTE: All review materials are exclusive to DMQ ACADEMICS COMMITTEE CP students ONLY. Posting these materials online 2nd SEM | PRELIMS| AY 2022-2023 (CourseHero, Scribd, etc.) is STRICTLY PROHIBITED....

⚠ TAKE NOTE: All review materials are exclusive to DMQ ACADEMICS COMMITTEE CP students ONLY. Posting these materials online 2nd SEM | PRELIMS| AY 2022-2023 (CourseHero, Scribd, etc.) is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Storage form of energy for short-terms Carbohydrates demands. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Storage of energy for long term LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Lipid demands; structural components of membranes. OUTLINE 1. Definition of Terms 2. Branches of Biochemistry a. Medical Biochemistry b. Clinical Biochemistry c. Pharmaceutical Biochemistry 3. Biochemical Importance 4. Applications of Biochemical Tests 5. The Cell a. Three Major Parts of the Cell 6. Other Terminologies DEFINITION OF TERMS Biochemistry ○ Study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical BRANCHES OF BIOCHEMISTRY interactions of these substances with each MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY other Related to human health and disease ○ Involves molecules in living things, chemical Functioning of traditional and pathologic organisms reactions, catalysts in reactions and Involves operation and management of laboratories metabolic process Directs clinical laboratories, consults, diagnoses and ○ Discovery and improvement of medical treats patients products, cleaning products, DNA CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY recombinant technology A field that focuses on the methodology and To make insulin and food additives interpretation of chemical tests performed to support Biochemical Substance diagnosis and treatment. ○ Chemical substance found within a living PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY organism Involves how drugs affect the biochemistry and ○ Carbon-based compounds metabolism of human health and sickness Polymer Useful in production of drugs, ID of the clinical uses and ○ Large molecule formed by the repetitive adverse effects of drugs, understanding of chemical bonding together of many smaller molecules process & identifying molecular targets and ○ Natural/synthetic substances composed of characterization macromolecules (multiples of simpler units Covers drug delivery, enzymology, pharmacokinetics, called monomers) pharmacodynamics & clinical pharmacology Monomer o Drug delivery ○ Small molecule that is the structural repeating § Routes of Administration unit in a polymer o Enzymology ○ Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty acids, § Catalysts Nucleotides o Pharmacokinetics § Administration BIOMOLECULE FUNCTIONS § Distribution Fundamental basis of structure and § Metabolism function of cell (static and dynamic § Excretion (toxicity = organ failure) Protein functions). A protein is a polymer in o Pharmacodynamics which the monomer units are amino § Mechanism of Action acids. o Clinical Pharmacology Nucleic acids are polymeric molecules § Good – therapeutic use in which the repeating units are § Bad – adverse drug reaction, effects, nucleotides. Cells contain two kinds of events nucleic acids – deoxyribonucleic acids Application of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry [Atorvastatin] Nucleic Acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNA). 1. Delivery DNA – Repository and transfer of a. Dose:10-80 mg tablet daily genetic information b. Check lipid levels after 2-4 weeks and adjust dose RNA – Essentially required for protein 2. Enzymology biosynthesis a. Inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis Prepared by: Sarmiento 1 4ADM-XWTT-L6XD-VXJU  ⚠ TAKE NOTE: All review materials are exclusive to DMQ ACADEMICS COMMITTEE CP students ONLY. Posting these materials online 2nd SEM | PRELIMS| AY 2022-2023 (CourseHero, Scribd, etc.) is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. 3. Pharmacokinetics o High glycated hemoglobin for longer-term gauge a. Absorption rate varies from 30-85% following PO of blood glucose control administration 6. To assist in assessing the response of diseases to therapy 4. Pharmacodynamics o High glycated hemoglobin for poor response to a. Depletion of intracellular cholesterol but elevated hypoglycemic agent liver enzymes may occur o Renal and liver function tests for drug’s efficacy 5. Clinical pharmacology and detection of possible toxicity a. First line of treatment for atherosclerotic 7. Provision of information for teaching, research and public cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and health which is essential for providing information hyperlipidemia fundamental to the advancement of knowledge o For clinical trials of drugs: these may be required as part of the assessment of a drug’s efficacy but BIOCHEMICAL IMPORATANCE are also essential for the detection of possible toxicity. § Random HIV testing and Mandatory drug test § Assessment of renal and liver function as a result of drug use THE CELL The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. A two-way street connects biochemistry and medicine. It may be also regarded as the basic unit of biological Knowledge of the biochemical topics listed above the green activity. line of the diagram has clarified our understanding of the Prokaryotes (Greek : pro – before; karyon – nucleus) diseases shown below the green line. o Lack a well-defined nucleus and possess relatively simple structure. These include the Biochemistry, medicine and other health care various bacteria. disciplines are intimately related. Eukaryotes (Greek : eu – true; karyon – nucleus) o Health depends on harmonious balance of o Possess a well-defined nucleus and are more biochemical reactions complex in their structure and function. o Diseases reflect abnormalities in THREE MAJOR PARTS OF THE CELL biomolecules, biochemical reactions & The Plasma Membrane biochemical processes Forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the o Cell biology, physiology, immunology, cell’s internal environment from the external microbiology, pharmacology, and toxicology environment are anchored in biochemical reactions and Selective barrier that regulates the flow of materials processes into and out of a cell Medical treatment is firmly grounded in the knowledge Key role in communication among cells and between of biochemistry and other basic sciences cells and their external environment Has fluid-mosaic lipid bilayer that makes contact with other cells, cell-identity markers, and linker proteins; APPLICATIONS OF BIOCHEMICAL TESTS mediates the entry and exit of substances 1. To reveal the fundamental causes and mechanisms of The Cytoplasm diseases Consists of all the cellular contents between the o Nature and analysis of genetic diseases such as plasma membrane and the nucleus cancer and sickle cell anemia o Cytosol is the fluid portion of cytoplasm, 2. To suggest rational treatments of diseases based on the contains water, glycogen granules, lipid fundamental causes and mechanisms of diseases droplets, and suspended particles. o A diet low in phenylalanine for treatment of o Surrounded by cytosol are several different phenylketonuria types of organelles. Each type of organelle o Atorvastatin for hypercholesterolemia has a characteristic shape and specific 3. To assist in the diagnosis of specific diseases functions. o Blood glucose level for Diabetes mellitus Site of all intracellular activities except those occurring o Abnormally high serum creatinine for kidney in the nucleus problem The Nucleus 4. To act as screening tests for the early diagnosis of certain Large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA diseases o Antenatal Screening for prenatal diagnosis Within the nucleus, each chromosome, a single o Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism molecule of DNA associated with several proteins, 5. To assist in monitoring the progress of certain diseases contains thousands of hereditary units called genes o Plasma enzyme ALT for infectious hepatitis that control most aspects of cellular structure and function Prepared by: Sarmiento 2 4ADM-XWTT-L6XD-VXJU  ⚠ TAKE NOTE: All review materials are exclusive to DMQ ACADEMICS COMMITTEE CP students ONLY. Posting these materials online 2nd SEM | PRELIMS| AY 2022-2023 (CourseHero, Scribd, etc.) is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Houses the chromosomes consist of genes that control Sickle-cell Anemia cellular structure and direct cellular function o Irregularly shaped red blood cells (crescent) OTHER PARTS OF THE CELL Atherosclerosis Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum o Fat build-up Synthesize glycoproteins and phospholipids that are Diabetes mellitus transferred to cellular organelles, inserted into the o High level of blood sugar plasma membrane or secreted during exocytosis Phenylketonuria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum o Phenylalanine build-up Synthesize fatty acids and steroids; inactivates or detoxifies drugs removes the phosphate group from glucose 6-phosphate and stores and releases calcium SUMMARY POINTS: ions in muscle cells Proteosome Biochemistry is the science concerned with studying the Degrades unneeded damaged or faulty proteins by various molecules with their chemical reaction. Because life cutting them into small peptides. depends on biochemical reactions, biochemistry has Peroxisome become the basic language of all biologic sciences. Vesicle containing oxidases and catalase enzymes that oxidize amino acids and fatty acid and detoxifies Polymers are multiples of simpler, smaller units of harmful substances such as alcohol; produces molecules called Monomers hydrogen peroxide Bioorganic substances are for growth and development Centrosome Primary Metabolites Consists of a pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar o Proteins material that contains tubulins, which are used for o Nucleic Acids o Carbohydrates growth of the mitotic spindle and microtubule formation o Lipid Mitochondrion Pharmaceutical Biochemistry revolves around how Site of aerobic cellular respiration reactions that drugs affect the biochemistry and metabolism of human produce most of a cell's ATP health and sickness Lysosome o Drug Delivery Fuses with and digests contents of endosomes, o Enzymology pinocytic vesicles, and phagosomes and transports o Pharmacokinetics final products of digestion into cytosol; digests worn- o Pharmacodynamics out organelles (autophagy), entire cells (autolysis), and o Clinical Pharmacology extracellular materials Prokaryotes have no nucleus while Eukaryotes have Golgi Complex Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins, glycoproteins and lipids for transport to different destinations Cytoskeleton Made up of network of three types of protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents; responsible for cellular movements Cilia and Flagella Motile cell surface projections that contain 20 microtubules and a basal body Ribosome Composed of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA and proteins which is primarily responsible for protein synthesis Cytosol Medium in which many of cell's metabolic reactions occur which is made up of water, solutes, suspended particles, lipid droplets, and glycogen granules OTHER TERMINOLOGIES Hypercholesterolemia o Abnormally high cholesterol levels Prepared by: Sarmiento 3 4ADM-XWTT-L6XD-VXJU