General Biochemistry Past Paper PDF (CCC411, Monsoon 2024)

CCC411: Monsoon 2024 General Biochemistry Role Of Metals In Human Health And Diseases Bidyut Sarkar DBT-Wellcome Trust India Alliance Intermediate Fellow Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence...

CCC411: Monsoon 2024 General Biochemistry Role Of Metals In Human Health And Diseases Bidyut Sarkar DBT-Wellcome Trust India Alliance Intermediate Fellow Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence 1  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 18, 2024 Antioxidant System in Human: 1. What is Antioxidant, Dietary Sources of Antioxidants. 2. Free Radicals, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) 3. Aging and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). 4. Antioxidant enzymes in human, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu-Zn-SOD, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). Metal related disorders in Human: 1. Copper and iron related disorders, Wilson's disease (WD), Alzheimer's disease, Anemia Today’s 2. Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb) related toxicity, Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. topics 3. Detoxification of Organometallic Compounds in human body. 4. Metallothionein 5. Biodegradation of Organic pollutants, Organophosphates, Pesticides, Chemical weapons: Nerve Agents. 6. Phosphatases, Phosphotriesterase. 2  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 18, 2024 Iron related diseases 3  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 18, 2024 Signs: Iron deficiency anemia Pale skin anemia caused by a lack of iron. Swollen tongue Enlarged spleen Decrease in the number of RBC or Cold hands and feet amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Brittle nails Smaller and Pale RBC Symptoms: Cravings for peculiar substances such as ice, starch, or dirt (pica) Extreme fatigue Chest pain Shortness of breath Fast heartbeat Headache Dizziness Irritability Poor appetite 4  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 18, 2024 Iron overload 5  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 16, 2024 Copper related diseases Copper is part of superoxide dismutase and ceruloplasmin Some of the copper salts (acetate, sulfate, verdigris) cause harm, but in its metallic form, copper is not toxic 6  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 16, 2024 Copper related diseases: Wilson’s disease accumulation of copper in different organs, mainly in liver and central nervous system Genetically caused by mutations in copper- transporting protein ATPase 2 Green-to-brownish ring in cornea Abnormalities in eye movements neurological symptoms clumpsiness, tremors, difficulty walking, speech problems, impaired thinking ability, depression, anxiety, and mood swings. Liver cirrhosis yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes (jaundice), fatigue, loss of appetite, and abdominal swelling. 7  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 16, 2024 Alzheimer’s diseases Neurodegenerative disease in which memory and thinking skills are slowly destroyed (dementia) A progressive impairment of behavioural and cognitive functions like memory, language, comprehension, reasoning, attention, and judgment. Alzheimer’s postmortem brain has several times more Fe, Cu, and Zn than a normal brain The role of Fe, Cu induced oxidative stress is debated 8  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 16, 2024 Mercury (Hg) poisoning Overexposure to mercury causes Mercury poisoning Forms: metal, vapor, salt, and organic compound Sources: eating fish, amalgam-based dental fillings, or exposure at a workplace Minamata disease Symptoms: muscle weakness, poor coordination, numbness in the hands and feet, skin rashes, anxiety, memory problems, trouble speaking, trouble hearing, or trouble seeing Minamata disease: overexposure to methylmercury particularly harmful to fetuses as an environmental toxin in pregnancy, as well as to infants. 9  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 16, 2024 Lead poisoning Build up of Lead in the body (brain, liver, kidney and bones) Brain and central nervous system can be severely damaged causing coma, convulsions and even death Children younger than 6 years are especially vulnerable; affects mental and physical development. Sources: Lead-based paint and lead- contaminated dust in older buildings, contaminated air, water and soil. Adults who work with batteries, do home renovations or work in auto repair shops also might be exposed to lead. 10  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 16, 2024 Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning When too much carbon monoxide is in the air, the body replaces the oxygen in the red blood cells with carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is gas that has no odor, taste or color. Burning fuels, including gas, wood, propane or charcoal, make carbon monoxide. Appliances and engines that aren't well vented can cause the gas to build up to dangerous levels. 11  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 16, 2024 CO poisoning Carbon monoxide is produced naturally by many physiologically relevant enzymatic and non- enzymatic reactions (heme oxygenase catalyzing the biotransformation of heme) into biliverdin and eventually bilirubin. Aside from physiological signaling, most carbon monoxide is stored as carboxyhemoglobin at non-toxic levels below 3% HbCO. 12  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 16, 2024 Detoxification of Organometallic Compounds in humans 13  CCC411: General Biochemistry (Monsoon 2024); September 16, 2024 Metallothionein Family of Cysteine rich (~30% Cys) small proteins that Binds to physiological metal ion (Copper, Zinc, Selenium) maintains homeostasis of zinc and copper Also binds to Xenobiotic heavy metal ion (cadmium, mercury, silver, arsenic, lead) Can bind up to 7 Cadmium or Zinc Can capture harmful oxidant radicals like the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals Protects against metal toxicity and oxidative stress Overexpressed during oxidative stress to shield the cells against cytotoxicity and DNA damage Human Metallothionein-3 Synthesised primarily in the liver and kidneys bound to 4 Cadmium Malfunction: Cancer, autism, cardiovascular disease 14