Biochemistry PDF

Biochemistry  1977: Sanger and Gilbert introduced the BIOCHEMISTRY AND THE ORGANIZATION chemical and enzymatic DNA sequencing method OF CELLS...

Biochemistry  1977: Sanger and Gilbert introduced the BIOCHEMISTRY AND THE ORGANIZATION chemical and enzymatic DNA sequencing method OF CELLS  1987: Karry Mullis designed the PCR for in vitro WHAT IS BIOCHEMISTRY? DNA implification. (bahy-oh-kem-uh-stree) OBJECTIVE OF BIOCHEMISTRY The branch of science that explores the chemical “In attempting to understand the origin of life, the processes within and related to living organisms major objective of biochemistry is the complete by using laboratory-based science to bring understanding, at the molecular level, of all of the together biology and chemistry. chemical processes associated with living cells. To achieve this objective, biochemists have sought to It draws on the techniques of analytical, organic, and isolate the numerous molecules found in cells, physical chemistry, as well as those of physiologists determine their structures, and analyze how they concerned with the molecular basis of vital function.” processes of life. “Biochemistry is essential to all life sciences” “Chemistry of the living matter of life” SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY CLINICAL & MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Medical Biochemistry MOLECULAR  Deals with chemical basis of human body. BIOLOGY & GENOMICS Clinical Biochemistry OTHER  Deals with clinical diseases/pathological BIOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY conditions of the human body. SCIENCES HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY BIOCHEMISTRY  19 Century: Belief on “vital forces” was widely th accepted among biologist.  1828: Fredrich Wohler synthesized the first PHARMACOLO biomolecule: urea from ammonium cyanate GY & IMMUNOLOGY  1878: Wilhelm Friedrich Kuhne introduced the TOXICOLOGY term “enzyme”  1897: Eduard and Hans Buchner introduced the concept of cell-free fermentation with the use of Genetics & Molecular Biology yeast extract.  The use of genetic approaches and molecular  1903: Carl Alexander Nuerberg introduced the techniques has been critical for understanding term “Biochemistry”- “Father of Modern biochemical processes. Biochemistry”  1919: Emil Fischer suggested the lock and key Immunology mechanism of enzyme action  employs numerous biochemical techniques to  1928: J.B. Sumer introduced that enzyme are know more about the function of the immune proteins in nature through crystallization of system. urease.  primary aid in understanding immunodiagnostic  1930: Northop and Stanley purified pepsin and techniques. chymotrypsin used for protein digestion.  is governed by the nature of antigen and antibody  1937: Hans Kreb discovered the Citric Acid Cycle reaction and other types of immune system  1944: Avery, McLeod & McCarty proved that complexes. DNA is the genetic material in bacterial cell and can be transferred to another organism. Physiology  1952: Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins  study of body function; overlaps with biochemistry obtained the first crystallography of DNA. in explaining the physiological processes  1953: Watson and Crick introduced the “DNA happening inside a living system. Double Helix Model”  1955: Sanger invented the protein sequencing Pharmacology & Toxicology technique by determining the amino acid  Biochemistry explains the components of drugs, sequence of insulin.  Borga, BMLS 2-C  Biochemistry  mechanism of its action, metabolism and Is there a “sense” or “directionality” among excretion. biomolecules?  Components of toxin, mechanism of effect,  Yes, because they follow a pattern. treatment and excretion are all dependent on the knowledge of biochemistry. CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BIOCHEMISTRY Microbiology, Zoology, Botany, and other BIOCHEMICAL ORIGINS fields of biological sciences  Biochemistry sets the foundation in learning these  Organic chemistry is the study of compounds biological sciences because it describes all of carbon and hydrogen. physiologic processes that occurs within the living  Until the 19th century, the belief on “vital forces” system concerned on each of these field. were unique to organ isms and cannot be synthesized in the laboratory. Pathology & Medicine  In 1828, Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea, a  Biochemical approaches are being used well-known waste product of animal metabolism increasingly to study basic aspects such as from ammonium cyanate, a compound obtained inflammation, cell injury, and disease mechanism. from minerals.  Useful on the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment  It has subsequently been shown that any of diseases. compound that occurs in a living organism HEALTH & BIOCHEMISTRY can be synthesized in the laboratory.  A natural first question is how the Earth, along According to the WHO, health is defined as a with the Universe of which it is a part, came to complete physical, mental, and social well-being, be. and not merely the absence of disease or  Currently, the most widely accepted cosmological infirmity. (1948) theory for the origin of the Universe is the big bang, a cataclysmic explosion. In a biochemical viewpoint, health is situation in which  An explosion that created a “primordial fireball” all of the many thousands of intra- and extracellular that expands with great force. reactions that occur in the body are proceeding at  In its earliest stages, the Universe had a fairly rates commensurate with the organism’s maximal simple composition: Hydrogen, helium, and survival in the physiologic state. some lithium.  The rest of the chemical elements are thought to  MAJOR FACTOR OF DISEASES have been formed in three ways: Physical agents: mechanical trauma, extremes of 1. by thermonuclear reactions that temperature, sudden changes in atmospheric normally take place in stars, pressure, radiation, electric shock 2. in explosions of stars, and; Chemical Compounds: toxic compounds, 3. by the action of cosmic rays outside therapeutic drugs the stars since the formation of the Biologic agents: viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites galaxy. Oxygen lack: loss of blood supply, depletion of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, poisoning of ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS the oxidative enzymes Genetic Disorders: Congenital, molecular Nutritional imbalances: Deficiencies, excesses Endocrine imbalances: Hormonal deficiencies, excesses BIOCHEMISTRY & THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT “The implications of the HGP for biochemistry, all of biology, and for medicine and related health sciences are tremendous” Borga, BMLS 2-C  Biochemistry Prevalence of Elements by Weight HOW BIOMOLECULES CAME TO BE ELEMENTS HUMAN EARTH’S BODY CRUST  In 1953, Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey OXYGEN 65% 49% carried out an experiment with conditions of the CARBON 18%