Bio35 Lecture 20 Neurodegenerative Diseases 2024 PDF

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Rank a young, old and Alzheimer’s brain for ventricle size and brain tissue volume. Identify the initial brain areas affected in Alzheimer’s disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Describe how a per...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Rank a young, old and Alzheimer’s brain for ventricle size and brain tissue volume. Identify the initial brain areas affected in Alzheimer’s disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Describe how a person with Alzheimer’s disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), Huntington’s disease or Parkinson’s disease behaves. Name cellular events occurring in the brains of those affected by Alzheimer’s disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), Huntington’s disease, or Parkinson’s disease. Recall the mutations that occur on the DNA and protein level that cause Huntington’s disease. Predict the likelihood that a child will have ALS based on the genotype of the parents. DIALOGUING-THROUGH-DIFFERENCES PROJECT DUE WEDNESDAY, 11/20, 11PM  Where would you place these states on the graph? NORMAL BRAIN DEATH CATEGORIZE COMA IT. LOCKED-IN SYNDROME MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS STATE VEGETATIVE STATE CATEGORIZE IT.  IN SINGAPORE, ONCE A PERSON IS CONSIDERED BRAIN DEAD, THE BODY’S ORGANS BELONG TO THE GOVERNMENT. ALTHOUGH THERE IS AN OPT-OUT SYSTEM, THE GOVERNMENT PRESUMES PEOPLE ARE OKAY WITH ORGAN DONATION.  THE BODY IS STILL WARM. THE HEART IS STILL BEATING. CAN WE HARVEST THE ORGANS TO SAVE THE LIVES OF OTHERS?  IS DEATH A POINT OR A SPECTRUM? WHO DETERMINES WHEN A PERSON IS DEAD? WHEN THE BRAIN STARTS TO UNRAVEL Image from Oldish  THE THE YOUNG AGING BRAIN BRAIN ENLARGED VENTRICLES (BIGGER HOLES IN THE BRAIN) Image from Kandel, principles of Neural Science NEURODEGENERATION: GRADUAL LOSS OF STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF BRAIN TISSUE EXAMPLES: ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AMYOTROPIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS) HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE PARKINSON’S DISEASE WHEN THE BRAIN STARTS TO UNRAVEL ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: Characterized by extracellular amyloid beta plaques and intracellular tau tangles in neurons ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: Living with memory loss & behavioral disturbances ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: Gradual loss of brain structure and function, beginning with area around hippocampus NORMAL ALZHEIMER’S WHO HAS THE BIGGEST VENTRICLES? RANK THESE VENTRICLES FROM LARGEST TO SMALLEST. A) NORMAL ADULT B) ELDERLY WITHOUT ALZHEIMER’S C) SOMEONE WITH ALZHEIMER’S NORMAL ALZHEIMER’S OLD AGE WHO HAS THE MOST BRAIN TISSUE? RANK THESE BRAINS FROM LARGEST TO SMALLEST. A) NORMAL ADULT B) SOMEONE WITH ALZHEIMER’S C) ELDERLY WITHOUT ALZHEIMER’S ARE THESE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE HEREDITARY? ARE THERE GENETIC FACTORS? ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: HAVING A FORM OF APOE GENE INCREASES RISK. gene protein AMYOTROPIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS), ALSO KNOWN AS LOU GEHRIG DISEASE Degenerative disease causing loss of motor neurons in spinal cord and brain stem PREDICT THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECT OF MOTONEURON LOSS. A) MEMORY LOSS AND BEHAVIORAL DISTURBANCES B) PSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCES AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT C) PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE WEAKNESS, SPASTICITY, EVENTUAL PARALYSIS D) TREMOR ARE THESE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE HEREDITARY? ARE THERE GENETIC FACTORS? AMYOTROPIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS): 10% CASES. IN THESE CASES, THE MUTATION IS DOMINANT & 50% of the kids will also have ALS. IF BOTH PARENTS EACH HAVE ONE COPY OF THE ALS GENE, WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE KIDS WILL HAVE ALS? A) NONE B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) ALL HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: Characterized by chorea (jerky involuntary movements) PREDICT WHAT NEUROTRANSMITTER IS MISSING IF SOMEONE HAS JERKY INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS THAT THEY CAN’T SUPPRESS. A) SEROTONIN B) GLUTAMATE (AN EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTER) C) GABA (AN INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER) HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: Degenerated ____________ neurons in the cortex and striatum (a brain region that neighbors and works with the substantia nigra). HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: Degenerated ____________ neurons in the cortex and striatum (a brain region that neighbors and works with the substantia nigra). Mutant Huntingtin (Htt) protein aggregates in neurons. ARE THESE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE HEREDITARY? ARE THERE GENETIC FACTORS? HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: DEFINITELY. DNA MULTIPLE, MULTIPLE, CAG REPEATS PREDICT THE DISEASE Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA. DNA codes for protein. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. ARE THESE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE HEREDITARY? ARE THERE GENETIC FACTORS? HUNTINGTON’S DNA DISEASE: DEFINITELY. nucleotide MULTIPLE, MULTIPLE, CAG REPEATS PREDICT THE DISEASE amino acid protein ARE THESE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE HEREDITARY? ARE THERE GENETIC FACTORS? But not just 2 CAG HUNTINGTON’S repeats…but 120 CAG DISEASE: repeats DEFINITELY. DNA MULTIPLE, MULTIPLE, CAG REPEATS PREDICT THE DISEASE protein A PERSON HAS 119 CAG REPEATS IN THEIR DNA. HOW MANY CAG REPEATS ARE IN THE PROTEIN? A) ZERO B) 1 C) 118 DNA D) 119 E) 120 protein A PERSON HAS 119 CAG REPEATS IN THEIR DNA. HOW MANY GLUTAMINES ARE IN THE PROTEIN? A) ZERO 119 CAG repeats in DNA encodes for B) 1 119 Gln repeats in protein C) 118 DNA D) 119 E) 120 protein PARKINSON’S DISEASE: Characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra  DOPAMINE IS IN THE & reward purposeful movement Nucleus Accumbens Ventral Tegmental Image adapted from Perogamvros & Schwartz, 2012 Area PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD): Characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra PD patients exhibit resting tremor, postural instability, and gait disturbances. at the cellular level Illustration by Mohamed Fares MPTP-induced Parkinson’s Disease ARE THESE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE HEREDITARY? ARE THERE GENETIC FACTORS? PARKINSON’S DISEASE: Yes, but most cases are actually caused by gene-environment interactions. only if GENE PD pesticide WHICH PERSON WOULD BE MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP PARKINSON’S DISEASE A) FARMERS IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA WORKING WITH PESTICIDES, WHO ALSO HAVE A GENE THAT MAKES THEM SUSCEPTIBLE TO PD WHEN PESTICIDES PRESENT B) BORROWING YOUR FRIENDS’ PESTICIDE KIT TO KILL SOME WEEDS BUT HAVING A GENE THAT MAKES YOU SUSCEPTIBLE TO PD C) FARMERS IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA WORKING WITH PESTICIDES. D) PERSON LIVING IN IRVINE WHO DOES NOT HAVE A GENE THAT MAKES THEM SUSCEPTIBLE TO PD WHEN PESTICIDES ARE PRESENT WHEN THE BRAIN STARTS TO UNRAVEL WE ARE LIVING LONGER… WE AREN’T DYING OF SMALLPOX ANYMORE, BUT WE NEED TO LIVE WITH A SHRINKING BRAIN. Image from Oldish