Neuroscience and Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What type of neurons are primarily degenerated in Huntington's disease?

  • Cholinergic neurons
  • Dopaminergic neurons
  • GABAergic neurons (correct)
  • Serotonergic neurons

Which neurotransmitter is likely deficient in individuals exhibiting jerky involuntary movements?

  • Serotonin
  • GABA (correct)
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine

How often is Huntington's disease hereditary?

  • Definitely (correct)
  • Uncommonly
  • Rarely
  • Sometimes

If an individual has 119 CAG repeats in their DNA, how many CAG repeats are present in their protein?

<p>119 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of CAG repeats associated with the manifestation of Huntington's disease?

<p>120 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra?

<p>Parkinson's Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups would be at the highest risk of developing Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Farmers in Central California working with pesticides and having a susceptibility gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main neurotransmitter affected in Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Memory loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Parkinson's Disease, the role of environmental factors such as pesticides is best described as:

<p>A contributing factor in gene-environment interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by specific initial brain area degeneration affecting motor control?

<p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular event is most commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Formation of amyloid plaques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mutation type is involved in Huntington's disease?

<p>Trinucleotide repeat expansion in the HTT gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is commonly observed in a person with Parkinson’s disease?

<p>Tremors at rest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does organ donation relate to brain death in Singapore?

<p>The government presumes consent for organ donation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by extracellular amyloid beta plaques and intracellular tau tangles?

<p>Alzheimer’s Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is known to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Presence of the APOE gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavioral effect of motoneuron loss in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

<p>Progressive muscle weakness and eventual paralysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is likely to have the largest ventricles based on age and disease status?

<p>Someone with Alzheimer's (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurodegenerative diseases is known for causing the loss of motor neurons?

<p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing brain tissue across different conditions, which group is expected to have the most brain tissue?

<p>Normal adult (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How hereditary is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in known cases?

<p>Approximately 10% of cases are hereditary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily affected first in Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alzheimer's disease brain areas affected

Initially affects areas responsible for memory and cognitive functions, such as the hippocampus and cortex.

Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) initial brain areas

Initially affects motor neurons, leading to progressively debilitating muscle weakness and loss of function.

Huntington's Disease initial brain area

Initiates in areas controlling movement, emotion, and cognition, leading to uncontrolled movements, mood changes, and cognitive decline.

Parkinson's Disease initial brain area

Starts in areas responsible for movement regulation, causing tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with balance.

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Brain death definition

A condition where the brain ceases all activity, resulting in the absence of any brain function.

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Neurodegeneration

Gradual loss of brain tissue structure or function.

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Alzheimer's Disease

A neurodegenerative disease causing memory loss and behavioral disturbances.

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Amyloid plaques

Extracellular deposits that build up in the brain in Alzheimer's Disease.

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Tau tangles

Intracellular protein deposits that disrupt neuron function in Alzheimer's Disease.

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A neurodegenerative disease causing progressive muscle weakness and paralysis.

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Behavioral effect of motor neuron loss

Progressive muscle weakness, spasticity, eventual paralysis.

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Genetic factors in Neurodegenerative diseases

Some neurodegenerative diseases have genetic components, increasing risk.

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Brain ventricle size and Alzheimer's

People with Alzheimer's typically have larger brain ventricles than healthy individuals of the same age.

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Huntington's Disease Cause

Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene that leads to the production of a protein with an abnormally high number of CAG repeats.

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CAG Repeats & Disease Severity

The more CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene, the more severe the symptoms of Huntington's disease are likely to be.

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Neurotransmitter Imbalance in Huntington's

Huntington's disease is associated with an imbalance of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Lower amounts of GABA can lead to uncontrolled movements (chorea).

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Huntington's Disease & Genetics

Huntington's disease is a hereditary disease, meaning it is passed down through families due to genetic mutations which are linked to DNA sequences called CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene.

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CAG Repeats to Glutamine Conversion

CAG repeats in DNA directly correspond to glutamine amino acids in the Huntingtin protein.

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CAG repeats

A sequence of three DNA bases (cytosine, adenine, guanine) that repeats multiple times in a gene. The number of CAG repeats can impact the function of the gene and contribute to diseases.

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Parkinson's Disease: Key characteristic

Parkinson's Disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a brain region crucial for movement control.

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Dopamine's role in movement

Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, is involved in rewarding experiences and purposeful movement by connecting the nucleus accumbens to the ventral tegmental area.

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Parkinson's Disease: Symptoms

People with Parkinson's Disease often exhibit resting tremor, postural instability, and gait disturbances due to the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra.

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Genetic vs. Environmental in Parkinson's

Although some cases of Parkinson's Disease are hereditary, most cases are caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors like pesticide exposure.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Rank young, old, and Alzheimer's brains based on ventricle size and brain tissue volume
  • Identify the initial brain regions affected by Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease
  • Describe how individuals with Alzheimer's disease, ALS, Huntington's disease, or Parkinson's disease behave
  • Identify cellular events in the brains of individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease, ALS, Huntington's disease, or Parkinson's disease
  • List the DNA and protein-level mutations causing Huntington's disease
  • Predict the likelihood of a child inheriting ALS based on parental genotypes

Brain States and Function

  • The provided infographic categorizes cognitive function states against motor function
  • States range from fully conscious and aware to unresponsive and unaware
  • Normal brain function is positioned in the complex, purposeful, and voluntary motor function section
  • Brain death is placed at the absent motor function segment
  • Coma, minimally conscious states, vegetative states are placed within the absent and reflex to complex motor function.

Singapore's Organ Donation Policy

  • Upon brain death, the government takes ownership of individual organs
  • An opt-out system exists, but the government assumes consent for organ donation
  • This is unlike numerous other countries, often based on a concept of organ ownership after death

Questions about Death and Brain States

  • Questions posed include: Is death a point or a spectrum?
  • Who defines the point of death?
  • Specific neuro-related terminology is written.

Neurological Diseases

  • Alzheimer's Disease: Characterized by extracellular amyloid beta plaques and intracellular tau tangles in neurons. Symptoms include memory loss and behavioral disturbances

  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): A degenerative disease causing motor neuron loss in the spinal cord and brain stem.

  • Huntington's Disease: Characterized by chorea (involuntary movements). Degenerating neurons in the cortex and striatum (a brain region neighboring the substantia nigra). Mutant Huntingtin protein aggregates within neurons. The specific disease is caused by an extended repetition of CAG.

  • Parkinson's Disease: Characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms include resting tremor, postural instability, and gait disturbances. Parkinson's disease can be induced by a chemical. Environmental factors like pesticides may be a contributing factor in some cases

Genetics and Neurodegenerative Diseases

  • Huntington's disease is linked to a specific repetition within a gene
  • The number of repetitions predicts the development of Huntington's disease.

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Bio35 Lecture 20 Neurodegenerative Diseases 2024 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the differences in brain structure and function across various age groups and diseases such as Alzheimer's, ALS, Huntington's, and Parkinson's. Participants will rank brain conditions based on ventricle size, identify affected brain regions, and analyze genetic factors influencing these diseases.

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