Bio3052 Qs Exam PDF

BIO3052 \ | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+----...

BIO3052 \ | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | - | **To test whether | | | | large testes evolve | | | | under high | | | | postcopulatory sexual | | | | selection;** | | | | | | | | 1. 2. | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Week 5: | | | | Reproductive | | | | behaviour, sexual | | | | conflict** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is evolutionary | - - - | | | genetic basis of | | | | sexual basis of | | | | sexual conflict | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Sexual conflict | - - - - - - | | | examples **(mutualism | - - - - - | | | vs conflict), what | - | | | behavuours involved | | | | in rproduction whose | | | | optimal values differ | | | | between males and | - - - - - - | | | femaels** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is | **Intralocus** = | | | **intralocus** sexual | males and females | | | conflict | have very different | | | | strategies for | | | | maximizug their | | | | fitness (different | | | | life history | | | | strategies), however | | | | they share most of | | | | genome, so selection | | | | on any given trait | | | | and its underlying | | | | genes in one sex will | | | | affect traits value | | | | in another sex | | | | | | | | **S**exual conflict | | | | on trait will mean | | | | that selection will | | | | act in opposing | | | | directions in each | | | | sex, **sexual | | | | antagonistic | | | | selection**(favours | | | | high mating rate | | | | males and lower | | | | mating rate females). | | | | High genetic | | | | correlation. Low | | | | rating females(good) | | | | would cause low | | | | rating males and | | | | females and high | | | | rating males(good) | | | | would cause high | | | | mating females and | | | | males. | | | | | | | | Active males good, | | | | active females bad. | | | | Selection gradients | | | | are in opposing | | | | directions in 2 sexes | | | | SAS, evolving under | | | | intralocus sexual | | | | conflict. Genotypes | | | | encoding high | | | | activity increases | | | | male evolutionary | | | | fitnessdecreases | | | | females. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Eg**. Testing whether | | | | Locomotory activity | | | | was found to be under | | | | intralocus sexual | | | | selection in fruit | | | | flie**s (**yes**). | | | | Males flew faster | | | | than females thus | | | | locomotory | | | | performance was | | | | sexually dimporphic | | | | By repeating on | | | | strains of flies | | | | genetically identical | | | | each but different | | | | genotypes to | | | | eachother, they | | | | tested this. | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - | | | | | | | | Eg. **Do high quality | | | | males sire high | | | | quality offspring in | | | | cricket species?** | | | | | | | | - - - - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is | **interlocus=** | | | **interlocus** sexual | Occuring at different | | | conflict | gene loci, Alleles at | | | | gene locus in 1 sex | | | | have conflicting | | | | interests (under SAS) | | | | with allenes at | | | | different gene locus | | | | in other sex(encodes | | | | and affects different | | | | traits in each of | | | | sexes). Conflict over | | | | different loci. | | | | | | | | Can result in | | | | extremes of male | | | | persistence and | | | | female resistance | | | | traits, arms race | | | | between sexes | | | | | | | | Males can evolve even | | | | more fitness traits | | | | when females are | | | | restored in fitness, | | | | without allowing | | | | females to go | | | | extinct. | | | | | | | | This occurs through | | | | intrasexual | | | | selection, traits | | | | that aid | | | | repsroductive | | | | competition in males | | | | , under strong | | | | intersexual selectin | | | | and therefore evolve | | | | | | | | Male persistence | | | | traits depress | | | | fitness of females, | | | | results in selection | | | | on females, alleles | | | | to offset costs in | | | | population will be | | | | favoured, due to | | | | restoration in | | | | females, males can | | | | now evolve more | | | | harmful persistence | | | | traits | | | | | | | | Coevolutionary arms | | | | race | | | | | | | | Eg. | | | | | | | | - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What are empirical | (above) | | | approaches that | | | | enable tests of | | | | intralocus and | | | | interlocus conflict? | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Apply knowledge of | **In beetles, does | | | experimental | sexual selection lead | | | evolution to design | to evolution of | | | studies that could | increased male | | | tests for | reproductive | | | evolutionary conflict | competititvness(YES), | | | between sexes | are these traits | | | | harmful to | | | | females(YES) and do | | | | females evolve | | | | resistance traits | | | | that offset | | | | harm(YES)**? | | | | | | | | He altered | | | | operational sex | | | | ratios (OSR) over 20 | | | | generations of | | | | experimental | | | | evolution. | | | | | | | | Started with 1 | | | | population, split | | | | into 6 replicate | | | | subpopulations(expose | | | | d | | | | 3 to female biased | | | | OSR, exposed 3 to | | | | male based OSR). Did | | | | this for 20 | | | | generations | | | | | | | | **Results** | | | | | | | | In female biased OSR, | | | | 90%females, 10% | | | | males. Low level of | | | | sexual selection and | | | | low competition | | | | between males | | | | | | | | Male biased OSR is | | | | for every female | | | | there are 6 males (to | | | | reduce male | | | | harassment and female | | | | costs). High sexual | | | | selection. | | | | | | | | (intense intrasexual | | | | selection) | | | | | | | | **Discussion**: | | | | | | | | **In beetles, does | | | | sexual selection lead | | | | to evolution of | | | | increased male | | | | reproductive | | | | competititvness(YES), | | | | ** | | | | Males became more | | | | competitive under | | | | sperm competition | | | | when evolved under | | | | strongly male biased | | | | OSR | | | | | | | | He put females with 1 | | | | or up to 20 males | | | | from males from | | | | female or male OSR | | | | | | | | **are these traits | | | | harmful to | | | | females(YES)** | | | | | | | | Females evolved under | | | | low fitness cannot | | | | handle multiple | | | | malesand lower | | | | reproductive fitness. | | | | Feales evolved under | | | | high fitness could | | | | and fitness | | | | increased, must be | | | | resistance | | | | adaptation. | | | | | | | | **and do females | | | | evolve resistance | | | | traits that offset | | | | harm(YES)**? | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Week 6: Parental | | | | care** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Costs parental care | - - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Why more female | **Q: there are many | | | parental care vs | exceptions to the | | | males | general rule that | | | | males should care | | | | less than females. | | | | Paternal care is | | | | common In fishes. | | | | What factors might | | | | cause males to care | | | | more than females?** | | | | | | | | Maybe trade-off | | | | between being good | | | | father and being | | | | attractive to females | | | | (can be both) | | | | | | | | If males can care for | | | | multiple clutches | | | | from different | | | | females | | | | simultaneously (eg | | | | emus) Driven paternal | | | | care in that species. | | | | | | | | Seahorse has evolved | | | | male brood pouch | | | | where fertilization | | | | occurs, female lay | | | | eggs in brood pouch. | | | | Costly paternal | | | | investment. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Benefits parental | **Brood parisitism** | | | care and ways they | | | | maximize fitness | - - - - - - | | | | - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | - - - - - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | How much energy | - | | | should be allocated | | | | to breeding and how | | | | much to be reserved | | | | as body condition? | - - - | | | | | | | | **Relationship | | | | between parental | | | | expenditure and | | | | current reproductive | | | | gain** | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | MORE IN NOTES | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | - - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **How do we get | Maximum lifespan | | | reproductive gain of | | | | future state?** | - - - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Equations | **Future reproductive | | | reproductive gain | gain** of animal is | | | | equal to probability | | | | of surviving (0.9) | | | | multiplied by | | | | reproductive gain of | | | | surviving state + | | | | probability of | | | | dying(0.1 x | | | | reproductive gain of | | | | dead state which is 0 | | | | thus cancels out) | | | | | | | | **Reproductive | | | | gain**= Current RG + | | | | Future RG | | | | | | | | **Parameters**= | | | | Larger numbers are | | | | more realistic | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Week 7: Foraging | What are foraging | **Optimal foraging | | behaviour** | decisions animals | theory=** Animals | | | must make and | should forage in way | | | strategies used to | that maximizes net | | | aquire | energy gain | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | **Ideal free | | | | distribution**= The | | | | better the habitat, | | | | more competitors and | | | | less resources, | | | | eventually poorer | | | | quality will do | | | | better due to no | | | | competitors and have | | | | more rewaeds | | | | | | | | eg. in sticklebacks | | | | More fish on side | | | | with more food and | | | | when switched fish | | | | abundance switches | | | | | | | | But some animals are | | | | better competitors | | | | and they distribute | | | | differently. | | | | | | | | Eg. For instance, | | | | assume 1 big fish | | | | eats as much as 2 | | | | fish | | | | | | | | Eg. Ants that forage | | | | during day are | | | | smaller, those at | | | | night are larger | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | Eg. Predator | | | | avoidance often | | | | traded against | | | | foraging | | | | opportunities. | | | | Trading food for | | | | safety in garden | | | | skink, exposed to | | | | predators lss likely | | | | is open habitat, less | | | | active ans ate less, | | | | thus long term | | | | fitness from reduced | | | | foraging meant | | | | smaller body size and | | | | reduced growth rate, | | | | fewer eggs per | | | | clutch, lighter | | | | clutch mass, lighter | | | | post lay mass. | | | | | | | | Predator avoidance | | | | meant resource gain, | | | | growth and | | | | reproduction | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Benefits and costs | **Search image=** | | | | this is how blue jays | | | | detect cryptic prey , | | | | birds more accurately | | | | find moths after run | | | | of same kind of prey | | | | than random prey | | | | presented | | | | | | | | moths are Selected by | | | | selection pressure of | | | | search image for | | | | polymorphism to hide | | | | from | | | | predation(prevent | | | | predators develop | | | | search image0 | | | | | | | | **Frequency dependent | | | | selection in cichlid | | | | fish** | | | | | | | | frequency of left to | | | | right jawed fish | | | | oscillates overtime | | | | as selection would | | | | eventually act | | | | against most frequent | | | | type as more abundant | | | | types are more | | | | susceptible to | | | | predators so changes | | | | and so on. | | | | | | | | **Sit and wait** for | | | | food | | | | | | | | **Web | | | | ornamentation,** | | | | trade off between | | | | decorated web which | | | | attracts predators | | | | and also prey | | | | | | | | Owls use their | | | | **tool** to attract | | | | dung beetle pprey | | | | | | | | **Social foraging eg | | | | bees,** perform | | | | waggle dance when | | | | food is further | | | | away(if bee is | | | | outside direction of | | | | dance points to foood | | | | source) | | | | | | | | Eg. | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | | | | | | | | | **Mutual food | | | | provisioning in | | | | gobies and shrimp** | | | | | | | | - - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Week 8: Predator | What behaviours help | **Components of | | Prey Interactions** | individuals to | predation:** | | | mitigate risk of | | | | predation? | 1. 2. 3. 4. | | | | | | | | **Adaptive prey | | | | response to** lower | | | | predators chances of | | | | success- | | | | | | | | **Minimize | | | | Detection:** | | | | | | | | **Minimize risk of | | | | Attack:** | | | | | | | | **Minimize risk of | | | | Capture:** | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | **Minimize risk of | | | | Consumption:** | | | | | | | | - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Eg. When attacked, | | | | minnows release | | | | chemical which | | | | attracts predators to | | | | them | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | Eg. New research | | | | shows behaviour can | | | | even help prey to | | | | survive even after | | | | being eaten | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Week 9: Social | What are **costs** of | **Costs of group | | Behaviour** | social interactions | living:** | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | - - - | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | | What are **benefits** | **Learning and | | | of social | cultural | | | interactions (must | transmission** | | | outweigh negatives | | | | for sociality to | **Enhanced offspring | | | evolve) | survival** | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | **Improved foraging | | | | oppurtunities** | | | | | | | | **Avoidance of | | | | predators.** | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | **Reciprocity** | | | | (social donor endures | | | | short term loss until | | | | help is reciprocated. | | | | Must be anti cheating | | | | mechanisms eg | | | | individual | | | | recognition, | | | | probability of helper | | | | and recipient meeting | | | | again must be hight | | | | and benefit of | | | | receiving must | | | | outweigh cost of | | | | donating) | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | **Altruism**(social | | | | donor ensures loss of | | | | direct fitness but | | | | with potential for | | | | indirect fitness | | | | gains) | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | Fate/inclusive | | | | fitness of each | | | | helper | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | Primary helpers | | | | receive highest | | | | inclusive fitness | | | | therefore are more | | | | beneficial | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Hamiltons rule** | Altruistic acts | | | | should be favoured by | | | | selection when | | | | **rB\c** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Thought Q: Coalition | Cooperation. | | | formation in fiddler | | | | crabs is example of | Not reciprocity | | | which kind of helping | because not delayed | | | behaviour? | and crab being helped | | | | is always smaller | | | | than ally so never | | | | chance for small crab | | | | to fight bigger | | | | intruder | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Does age matter in |  | | | male reproduction in | | | | mosquito fish?** | **Challenges with age | | | (findings) | studies=** mating | | | | history, competition, | | | | paternity success | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | **How age affects | | | | post-copulatory** | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | **How age affects | | | | pre-copulatory** | | | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | | | | | | | | | **How age affects | | | | paternity traits | | | | under condition** | | | | | | | | - - - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Week 10: Genetics | How does behaviour | Environment in which | | of behaviour** | have both genetic and | animal develops in | | | environmental | has impact on its | | | components? | genetics and what is | | | | expressed by | | | | individual, but their | | | | genetics has an | | | | impact on the | | | | environment around it | | | | as it is part of the | | | | ecosystem. | | | | | | | | A combination of both | | | | effects behaviour. 1 | | | | could be higher than | | | | another but not 1 or | | | | another. Phenotype is | | | | the individuals | | | | genotype and | | | | environment, thus | | | | | | | | If behaviour was 100% | | | | genetic, the | | | | behaviour wouldn't | | | | change regardless of | | | | what environment it | | | | is in. This is not | | | | beneficial. All | | | | behaviours would need | | | | to be completely | | | | inherited with no | | | | scope for learned | | | | behaviours and | | | | behavioural | | | | modification | | | | | | | | If behaviour was 100% | | | | environmental, it | | | | would never be | | | | inherited or passed | | | | onto the next | | | | generation and there | | | | would be no genetic | | | | component for | | | | selection to act | | | | upon. | | | | | | | | Eg. Physiology has | | | | lower heritability | | | | thus larger | | | | environmental | | | | component to these | | | | traits | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Identify and describe | - - - - | | | key lines of evidence | | | | for genetic basis of | | | | behaviour | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Graduate student | - | | | observed grooming | | | | behaviour of meerkats | | | | differed among social | | | | groups but appeared | | | | to be very similar | | | | among siblings within | | | | social group. What | | | | attributes would you | | | | predict this | | | | behaviour to have in | | | | the species? | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | How would you design | - - - - - - | | | a study to design to | | | | determine | | | | evolutionary history | | | | of these social | | | | systems within this | | | | lineage of lizards? | | | | (group of 50 species, | | | | display 4 social | | | | systems solitary, | | | | paired living, family | | | | group, communal | | | | group. Involve stable | | | | social aggregations | | | | and long term | | | | monogamy) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Outline genetic | Single vs multiple | | | mechanisms through | genes | | | which behaviour is | | | | inherited | Eg. deer mice and | | | | oldfield, Thus even 1 | | | | behaviour (burrowing | | | | behaviour of | | | | species), controlled | | | | by 3 **multiple | | | | gene**s and another | | | | controlled by | | | | different **single | | | | gene** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Is behaviour | - - | | | heritable? | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What are inherent | - | | | challenges in | | | | studying the genetics | | | | of behaviour | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | **Low heritability of | | | | behavioural traits** | | | | | | | | - - - - - | | | | | | | | **Environmental | | | | effects** | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | **Behavioural studies | | | | have low sample | | | | sizes** | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | **Mechanisms of | | | | inheritance** | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 20 generations, | | | | behaviour only | | | | increased by 5% why? | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Design study to | - - - - | | | determine | | | | heritability of | | | | exploratory behavuour | | | | in skin and | - | | | investigate ability | | | | for this trait to | | | | respond in selection | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Week 11: | | | | Behavioural | | | | Variation** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Explain the | | | | importance of | | | | behavioural Variation | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Define behavioural | **Behavioural type**= | | | syndromes and | | | | behavioural types | **individual within | | | | syndrome** with | | | | particular | | | | combination of | | | | behaviour x and y. | | | | Where individual | | | | falls along | | | | relationship. eg bold | | | | and exploratory | | | | syndrome, associate | | | | bold behaviour with | | | | exploration, Would | | | | expect individual | | | | that is very bold to | | | | also be very | | | | exploratory or not | | | | bold to not be | | | | exploratory | | | | | | | | Eg. Aggressive or non | | | | aggressive | | | | behavioural type | | | | | | | | Eg. Funnel web | | | | spiders had 2 | | | | behavioural types | | | | shown through | | | | experiment (which | | | | must have evolved as | | | | group), thus all | | | | behaviours need to be | | | | analysed together | | | | | | | | Eg great tit birds | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Identify evolutionary | - - - | | | and ecological | | | | implications of | | | | behavioural syndromes | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Design experiment to | - - - - - | | | investigate why | | | | native rat attacks | | | | more than fleeing | | | | from predators, why | | | | does this behaviour | | | | occur in this species | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Describe role that | If **Social**: | | | behavioural variation | | | | (and behavioural | - | | | syndromes) play in | | | | success of species | If **anti-social** | | | invasions | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | If **Mixed** | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | Results showed rate | | | | of spread was: | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | **Counteractive/compl | | | | ementary | | | | behaviours** | | | | | | | | Eg, boldness could | | | | mean more detectable | | | | during shipping and | | | | not survive, however | | | | if they do survive, | | | | they will likely | | | | survive and thrive | | | | better in novel | | | | environment through | | | | bold behaviour | | | | | | | | L.delicata was more | | | | exploratory and more | | | | likely to seek | | | | shelter when provided | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | The Asian house gecko | The Asian house | | | is one of the world's | gecko\'s success as | | | most invasive | an invasive species | | | species. It | is largely driven by | | | frequently gets into | its behavioural | | | freight and cargo and | traits, including | | | is unintentionally | boldness, aggression, | | | transported between | and exploratory | | | regions and | behaviour. These | | | countries. A | traits enhance its | | | behavioural syndrome | ability to survive, | | | was detected in the | establish, and spread | | | species, with | in new environments. | | | positive correlations | Boldness allows | | | among aggression, | geckos to take risks | | | exploratory | and explore new | | | behaviour, and | habitats, while | | | boldness, and a | aggression helps them | | | negative correlation | secure territories | | | with sociability. | and defend resources. | | | | High exploratory | | | Discuss the potential | tendencies enable | | | role of these | them to find new | | | behaviours, and | areas to colonize. | | | particular | However, their low | | | behavioural types, at | sociability may limit | | | each stage of the | cooperative | | | introduction process, | behaviors, which | | | and the likelihood of | could be both a | | | complementary or | disadvantage (e.g., | | | counteractive | in environments where | | | effects. | social interactions | | | | are beneficial) and | | | | an advantage (e.g., | | | | reducing competition | | | | within their own | | | | species). Overall, | | | | the combination of | | | | boldness, aggression, | | | | and exploration | | | | facilitates rapid | | | | introduction and | | | | expansion, while | | | | reduced sociability | | | | may not significantly | | | | hinder their invasion | | | | in the short to | | | | medium term. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | |  | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Week 12: Behaviours | What are ways ehich | - - - - - - | | in changing world** | animals respond to | - - - | | | human induced enviro | | | | change and resulting | | | | ecological | | | | evolutionary impacts? | - | | | | | | | | **Adaptive or not?** | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | | | | | | **Ecological | | | | implications=** | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | **Enviro change and | | | | sexual signals=** | | | | | | | | Eg. Signals are more | | | | honest in competitive | | | | setting so what if | | | | competition is | | | | relaxed due to | | | | changes in signalling | | | | environment? Does | | | | reduced visibility | | | | from algae blooms | | | | influence honesty of | | | | sexual displays in 3 | | | | spined sticklebacks? | | | | YES honesty is | | | | compromised in algal | | | | turbidity | | | | | | | | Used starved and well | | | | fed males and female | | | | in algae bloom water | | | | and clear waters | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | | | | | | **Alters chemical | | | | communication in | | | | fish** | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | River in Mexico | | | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+