BIO 211 2024 Final Exam Review Sheet PDF

BIO 211 Final Exam Review Sheet What Have We Covered? Below is a breakdown of the concepts we’ve covered since the midterm. It’s a lot and while technically not entirely cumulative in nature, the final exam will encompass several overarching themes that are inescapable and that have been repeatedly...

BIO 211 Final Exam Review Sheet What Have We Covered? Below is a breakdown of the concepts we’ve covered since the midterm. It’s a lot and while technically not entirely cumulative in nature, the final exam will encompass several overarching themes that are inescapable and that have been repeatedly covered over and over in lectures, labs, your term project, etc. These include: Unifying themes in biology (W0L2) Darwinian evolution (W1L1-W1L3) Phylogeny and the tree of life (W2L2) The origin of Eukaryotes (W3L2) Lecture Topic W5L1 Embryophyta | Origins and Evolution W5L2 Embryophyta | Diversity and Ecology W5L3 Spermatophyta | Evolution, Diversity, and Ecology W6L1 Fungi | Origins and Evolution W6L2 Fungi |Diversity and Ecology W7L1 Overview of Animal Diversity W7L2 Invertebrates I W7L3 Invertebrates II W9L1 Chordata | Origins and Evolution W9L2 Vertebrates | Gnathstomes to Tetrapods W9L3 Vertebrates | Amniotes to Mammals W10L1 Vertebrates | Primates W10L2 Humans | Variable Selection Hypothesis How Should I Prepare? The test will be very similar to the midterm exam. There is a lot of material here. What follows are simply suggestions on how to organize your study:  carefully review all the lecture notes – this is the primary source that I use in constructing the final exam  review any notes you took during lecture and/or discussion sessions  review your lab handouts  review the list below and make notes on things you don’t understand so we can discuss them during the review session on Friday Questions to Think About 1. What is a Eukaryote? How do they differ from prokaryotes? 2. What is a protist? 3. What is endosymbiosis and what is its role in the history of life on earth? 4. Eukaryotes arose from Archaea or Bacteria? 5. How did plastids evolve? 6. What are the 4 supergroups of Eukaryotes? 7. What are the synapomorphies that define each eukaryote supergroup? 8. What are the synapomorphies that define the two clades within the supergroup Unikonta? 9. What are the synapomorphies that define the three clades within the supergroup SAR? 10. What is the primary mode of nutrition in fungi? 11. What are two mutualistic relationships exhibited by fungi? 12. Are fungi only multicellular? 13. What are the cell walls of fungi primarily composed of? 14. What are the two types of fungal hyphae and how do they differ? 15. What is mycelium? 16. Humongous fungus in the Blue Mtns of eastern Oregon and its relationship to the forest’s trees. 17. Difference between the two types of fungal reproduction. 18. What is unique about sexual reproduction in ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi? 19. Defining characteristics of the primary fungal clades examined in lab. 20. Fungal colonization of land in relation to plants. 21. Morphological and molecular evidence that land plants evolved from algae? 22. Significance of sporopollenin. 23. What are the derived traits of land plants and how did they benefit the move to land? 24. Function of additional derived traits (e.g. cuticle, stomata, mycorrhizae, etc) 25. The four “informal” land plant groups and their major derived characters 26. How have gametophytes and sporophytes gradually changed over the course of plant evolution and radiation? 27. What are the evolutionary advantages of seeds? 28. What is the primary evolutionary adaptation of angiosperms? 29. What are the evolutionary links angiosperms have with animals? 30. How would you define a metazoan? 31. How do the cells of metazoans differ from other eukaryotes? 32. What are the 4 primary ways that we characterize the body plans of the various animal clades? 33. What are the five major animal clades? What characters distinguish them? 34. What are the major chordate clades? What characters distinguish them? 35. Which group of chordates gave rise to the tetrapods? 36. Derived characters of tetrapods? 37. How do Amphibians “bridge the gap” between aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles? 38. Major advancement in terrestrial living of the Amniotes? 39. What is the characteristic that splits the Amniote phylogeny into two clades? 40. Besides the amniotic egg, how do reptiles differ from amphibians? 41. Derived characteristics of birds? 42. Derived characteristics of mammals? 43. Benefits and drawbacks of endothermy. 44. What are the derived characters of the three mammal lineages? What are their advantages and disadvantages? 45. Derived characters of primates? 46. How do humans differ from other primates? 47. Misconceptions surrounding human evolution? 48. If you had to tell the story of life beginning at synthesis of organic material all the way to eutherian mammals what would be the major evolutionary steps? 49. Explain how evolution, the core theme of all biology, accounts for both the unity and diversity of life.