Review Test 4 - Final Exam Biology Fall 2023 PDF

Review Questions for Test 4 (Final Exam): Chapters 13-14 and 18-20 FALL 2023 These will cover some of the topics discussed in class. Use only as an additional resource. They will not take the place of class notes. Top 4 Commonly asked questions and answers: 1. If I know everything on the study gui...

Review Questions for Test 4 (Final Exam): Chapters 13-14 and 18-20 FALL 2023 These will cover some of the topics discussed in class. Use only as an additional resource. They will not take the place of class notes. Top 4 Commonly asked questions and answers: 1. If I know everything on the study guide will I do good on my exam? Answer: Maybe, maybe not. You have to be able to apply the knowledge you are learning to examples and problems. 2. Does the study guide cover everything? Answer: NO! See above; “some of the topics.” 3. Where are the answers to the questions in the review? Answer: In your notes and/ or powerpoints. 4. Do I need to use my notes and/or book? Answer: You need a resource to help provide accurate information to learn the biology material. 1. What was the name of Darwin’s Ship? HMS Beagle 2. What was the full name of the publication that Darwin published? Charles Darwin’s On the Orgin of Species by means of natural Selection 3. What is the basic idea of natural selection? Organisms can change over generations 4. What is the result of natural selection? The Result of natural selection is evolutionary adaptation 5. Darwin based his theory of natural selection on two key observations. What are the two observations? 1: Overproduction ( All Species tend to produce excessive numbers.) 2:Individual Vatiation (Variation exists among individuals in a population) 6. What is unequal reproductive success? 7. What is a fossil? How are fossils formed? Preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms that lived in the past 8. Where are fossils found? Sedimentary Rocks 9. What type of scientist studies fossils? Paleologist 10. What is biogeography? Study of geographic distribution of species 11. What is comparative anatomy? The comparison of body structure between different species 12. What is comparative embryology? Is the comparison of structures that appear during the development of different organisms 13. Name 3 examples of natural selection in action. Pesticide resistance in insects. The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Drug-resistant strains of HIV 14. What is a mutation? Changes in the DNA of an organism 15. What is sexual recombination? Shuffles alleles during meiosis 16. What is directional selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve? Shifts the phenotypic “curve” of a population. Selects in favor of some extreme phenotype. 17. What is disruptive selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve? Can lead to balance between 2 or more contrasting morphs in a population 18. What is stabilizing selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve? Maintains variation for a particular trait within a narrow range 19. Sickle-cell anemia confers resistance to what disease? Malaria 20. What is microevolution? Changes in allele frequency within populations, Often Associated with adaptation, Can be measured from one generation to the next 21. What is macroevolution? Major changes in the history of life, Origin of new species, Generates biological diversity. 22. What is a phylogeny tree? Be able to read and interpret a phylogeny tree. a diagram that visually represents the evolutionary relationships between different organisms 23. What is a species? A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring reproductively isolated from other such groups 24. What is allopatric speciation? Species evolve in geographic isolation, usually associated with a geographic barrier, preventing members of two populations from mating with one another, Involves independent evolution of the populations after the barrier arises 25. What is sympatric speciation? Species evolve without geographic isolation- species remain together with potential to interbreed, probably associated with genetic barrier due to a single mutation event. Important in plants but not widespread among animals. 26. Know the two models for the Pace of Speciation and know the phylogeny tree chart for each pace. Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium 27. What are prezygotic barriers? Know the 5 pre-zygotic barriers and examples for each type. Prevent mating or fertilization between species, Temporal Isolation, Habitat Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Mechanical Isolation, Gametic Isolation, 28. What are postzygotic barriers? Know the 3 post-zygotic barriers and examples for each type. Prevent survival or reproduction of hybrid offspring. Hybrid inviability, Hybrid sterility, Hybrid Breakdown 29. What are the 3 DOMAINS of life? Plants, Fungi, Animals 30. Know the 4 roles that Fungi play in an ecosystem (CH 14 - slide 42) Evolutionary History, Decomposers, Plant symbiosis, Medicine, Food 31. Know the correct sequence for the Animal Classification System utilized by scientists. Life > Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species. 32. Know the correct classification system for the human species (google it).  Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mamallia Order: Primate Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo 33. What is Ecology? The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments 34. Define organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and biosphere. Organismal ecology: Is concerned with evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environments Population ecology: study of factors that affect population density and growth. Community Ecology: Is concerned with communities, assemblages of populations of different species. Focuses on how interactions between species affect community structure and organization. Ecosystem Ecology: Is concerned with ecosystems which include all the abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a certain area. Focuses on energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various abiotic and biotic factors. Biosphere: the global ecosystem 35. Define organism, population, community, ecosystem. Organism: Population: group of individuals of a single species that occupy a defined area. 36. What are abiotic components of an environment? Temperature, light, water 37. What are biotic components of an environment? all the living organisms within an ecosystem, including plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms 38. What is a habitat? Specific environments in which organisms live 39. What is a niche? role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including how it interacts with its environment and other organisms 40. What are abiotic factors? Know the 5 examples. Distribution of terrestrial and aquatic life. Energy Source, Temperature, Water, Wind, Rocks and Soil 41. What are biotic factors? Know some examples. 42. What are 3 types of adaptations that enable organisms to adjust to changes in their environment? Know examples of each type of adaptation. Physiological (vertebrates) Atomical (change in body shape) Behavioral (Moving to new location) 43. Name 2 types of Aquatic Biomes? What is the salinity of each? Freshwater biomes- Lake, streams, rivers and wetlands (Salt concentration less than 1%) Marine Biomes- Oceans, intertidal zones, coral reefs, and estuaries (Salt concentration 3%) 44. What are some uses for freshwater? Drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation and industry. 45. What are the 2 categories of freshwater? Know examples of each. Standing water- includes lakes and pond Flowing Water- Includes Rivers and streams 46. What are wetlands? Transitional Biome between an aquatic ecosystem and terrestrial one 47. What are estuaries? Are areas where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean 48. What 3 things can affect terrestrial biomes? Climate, temperature, rainfall 49. What is the tree line? the edge of a habitat at which trees are capable of growing and beyond which they are not 50. Know the names of the terrestrial biomes (CH 18 – slide 38) Tropical rainforests, savannas, deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests (taiga), and Arctic tundra 51. Know the water cycle. 52. What does population ecology study? Factors that affect population density and growth 53. What is the definition of of a population? Group of individuals of a single species that occupy a defined area 54. What is population density? Is the number of individuals of a species per unit of a area or volume 55. What is the mark-and-recapture technique and why is it utilized? Animals are trapped, marked, and then recaptured after a period of time 56. What is a population age structure? The age structure of a population is the proportion of individuals in different age groups 57. For what purposes do scientists utilize age structures of populations? To understand the history of a populations survival or reproductive success and how it relates to environmental factors 58. What are the 2 growth models? Know what each one looks like on a graph. Exponetital growth model and logistic growth model 59. What is carrying capacity? The number of individuals in a population that the environment can just maintain with no net increase or decrease 60. What is a boom-and-bust cycle? What 2 species follow a boom-and-bust cycle (CH 19- slide 13)? Snowshoe hare and Lynx 61. How does the US Endangered Species Act define an endangered species vs a threatened species? Endangered- “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range” Threatened- “one likely to become endangered in the future” 62. Who is E.O. Wilson? natural scientist, environmental activist, and Harvard professor who was a leader in the effort to protect the planet's biodiversity 63. What is the E.O. Wilson 100 heartbeat club? species with fewer than 100 individuals remaining on Earth. 64. What are the 3 top causes of declining Biodiversity? Habitat Destruction, Invasive Species, Overexploitation 65. What is interspecific competition among species? May occur when two or more species in a community rely on similar limiting resources. 66. What did G. F. Gause study? What model organism did he utilize? What were his results? Studied: effects of interspecific competition in two closely related species of protists. (Paramecium aurelia, Paramecium caudatum) He concluded that the two species so similar they compete for the same limiting recourses cannot coexist in the same place. 67. Know how to interpret the two charts showing G.F. Gause’s experiments and know how to interpret those charts (CH 20 – slide 12). 68. What does the competitive exclusion principle state? Two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical 69. Know the difference between predator and prey. Predator kills and the prey is eaten 70. What are the adaptations that predators utilize? Claws, teeth, fingers, fangs, stingers, or poison. Fast and agile. Acute senses 71. What are adaptations that prey utilize as defenses against predators? Know examples from the slides. Passive: hiding Active: Escaping Mechanical: hard shells or quills Behavioral: Alarm Calling, Mobbing Camouflage or cryptic coloration Mimicry: species mimics the appearance of another 72. What are some of the plant defenses against herbivores? Spines and thorns, Chemical toxins 73. What is a trophic structure? Divides species in a community based on their main source of nutrition 74. Know the names of the 4 trophic levels. Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers 75. Know how to read a food chain and a food web. 76. What are detrivores? Consume detritus often known as scavengers 77. What are decomposers? Secrete enzymes that digest molecules in organic material; fungi, and bacteria 78. What is biological magnification? Process in which toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web 79. What is species richness? What is relative abundance? Species Richness: the total number of different species in the community. Relative Abundance of the different species 80. What are producers and what are consumers? Producers are organisms that make their own food and energy, while consumers are organisms that get their energy from other organisms 81. Which way does energy flow through ecosystems? What is the 1st law of thermodynamics? Consumers feed on producers must flow through consistently 82. What is a biological/energy pyramid? When energy flows as organic matter through the trophic levels of an ecosystem 83. How much energy is available to the next trophic level in a biological/energy pyramid? Much of it is lost at each link in the food chain 84. How much sunlight energy is captured by producers? 10,000 kcl 85. Name 3 chemicals that are recycled in nature. Know how to read the cycle of each chemical that is recycled in nature. Carbon, Phosphorus, Nitrogen 86. What is nutrient pollution? Human disturbance of biological communities is almost always destructive 87. What are some causes of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Burning of fossil fuels and wood and to deforestation 88. What are the results of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Increase of global temperatures, potentially disastrous consequences 89. What are some causes of too much nitrogen in aquatic systems? Sewage treatment facilities and fertilizers 90. What are the results of too much nitrogen in aquatic systems? Heavy growth of algae 91. What are the causes of too much phosphorous in aquatic systems? Sewage treatment facilities and fertilizers 92. What are the results of too much phosphorous in aquatic systems? Eutrophication of lakes 93. What is eutrophication? a process that occurs when a body of water receives too many nutrients, which leads to an overgrowth of algae and other plant life 94. How are humans impacting ecosystems? The effect of human extinction is Causing mass extinction 95. Why is biodiversity important? Because it limits the potential for new discoveries of food and medicine 96. Why is biodiversity important to humans? Rely on it for Food, clothing, shelter oxygen soil fertility medicinal substances 97. What do Conservation Biologists hope to accomplish? Understand and counter the loss of biodiversity 98. What is sustainable development? What is the goal of sustainable development? Balances human needs with the health of the biosphere; Is the long term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them 99. What are some things humans can do to move toward a sustainable future? Reduce consumption, Be more energy effiecnt, promote recycling, Take political action, promote research and education