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Questions and Answers
What are the cell walls of fungi primarily composed of?
What are the cell walls of fungi primarily composed of?
- Lignin
- Keratin
- Chitin (correct)
- Cellulose
What is mycelium?
What is mycelium?
- A type of spore produced by fungi
- The reproductive structure of fungi
- A network of fungal hyphae (correct)
- A single fungal cell
What is unique about sexual reproduction in ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi?
What is unique about sexual reproduction in ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi?
- It occurs only under optimal environmental conditions
- It requires two different mating types (correct)
- It does not produce any spores
- It involves only spore formation
Which group of chordates gave rise to the tetrapods?
Which group of chordates gave rise to the tetrapods?
What major advancement allows amniotes to live in terrestrial environments?
What major advancement allows amniotes to live in terrestrial environments?
What derived characteristic is unique to mammals?
What derived characteristic is unique to mammals?
How do amphibians bridge the gap between aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles?
How do amphibians bridge the gap between aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles?
What derived character distinguishes birds from other reptiles?
What derived character distinguishes birds from other reptiles?
What is the primary mode of nutrition in fungi?
What is the primary mode of nutrition in fungi?
Which of the following best describes the role of endosymbiosis in the evolution of eukaryotes?
Which of the following best describes the role of endosymbiosis in the evolution of eukaryotes?
How do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes?
How do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 supergroups of Eukaryotes?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 supergroups of Eukaryotes?
What best describes the synapomorphies of the supergroup SAR?
What best describes the synapomorphies of the supergroup SAR?
What is a protist?
What is a protist?
Which clade is NOT defined within the supergroup Unikonta?
Which clade is NOT defined within the supergroup Unikonta?
Which characteristic is true about fungi?
Which characteristic is true about fungi?
Flashcards
Eukaryote Definition
Eukaryote Definition
A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. This contrasts with prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus and other complex organelles.
Protist Definition
Protist Definition
A protist is an informal term for a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi.
Endosymbiosis Definition
Endosymbiosis Definition
Endosymbiosis is a process where one organism lives inside another organism. A significant role in the history of life, as it's theorized to be the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic Origin
Eukaryotic Origin
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Plastid Evolution
Plastid Evolution
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Fungal Nutrition
Fungal Nutrition
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Fungal Mutualistic Relationships
Fungal Mutualistic Relationships
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Fungal Cell Structure
Fungal Cell Structure
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Fungal cell wall composition
Fungal cell wall composition
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Fungal hyphae types
Fungal hyphae types
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Mycelium definition
Mycelium definition
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Land plant evolution from algae
Land plant evolution from algae
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Seed advantages
Seed advantages
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Angiosperm evolutionary adaptation
Angiosperm evolutionary adaptation
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Metazoan definition
Metazoan definition
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Tetrapod characteristics
Tetrapod characteristics
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Study Notes
Final Exam Review - BIO 211
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Overarching Themes: The final exam will cover cumulative concepts from the midterm and beyond, including unifying biological themes, Darwinian evolution, phylogeny, and the origin of eukaryotes.
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Lecture Topics:
- Embryophyta (W5L1-W5L3): Origins, evolution, diversity, and ecology
- Spermatophyta (W5L3): Evolution, diversity, and ecology
- Fungi (W6L1-W6L2): Origins, evolution, and ecology
- Animal Diversity (W7L1-W7L3): Overview, Invertebrates I and II
- Chordata (W9L1): Origins and evolution
- Vertebrates (W9L2-W9L3): Gnathstomes to tetrapods, amniotes to mammals, and primates
- Humans (W10L1-W10L2): Variable selection hypothesis
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Preparation Strategies:
- Review lecture notes thoroughly; these are the primary source for the exam.
- Review any notes taken during lectures and discussions.
- Review lab handouts.
- Note areas needing clarification for discussion during review sessions.
Important Concepts for Review
- Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes: Differences between the two types of cells.
- Endosymbiosis: Its role in the history of life on Earth.
- Eukaryote Supergroups: Characteristics defining the four major supergroups.
- Unikonta: Synapomorphies defining the two clades within this supergroup.
- SAR: Synapomorphies defining the three clades in this supergroup.
- Fungal Nutrition: Primary mode of nutrition.
- Fungal Relationships: Mutualistic relationships, cell wall composition, hyphae types, and mycelium.
- Fungal Reproduction: Differences between fungal reproduction types.
- Fungal Colonization (Land Plants): Relationships of fungi and land plants.
- Land Plants: Defining characteristics, evolutionary adaptations (e.g., sporopollenin, cuticle, stomata, mycorrhizae), and the four informal groups.
- Gametophyte and Sporophyte Evolution: Changes in these phases over plant evolution.
- Plant Adaptations: Advantages of seeds and angiosperms.
- Metazoans: Characteristics distinguishing them from other eukaryotes.
- Animal Body Plans: Four primary methods of characterizing animal body plans.
- Animal Clades: Five major animal clades, defining characteristics, and primary chordate clades.
- Tetrapods: Group of chordates that gave rise to tetrapods, and their derived characteristics.
- Amphibians: Bridging aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles.
- Amniotes: Key adaptations to terrestrial living.
- Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals: Key characteristics, derived characteristics, and lineages.
- Endothermy: Benefits and drawbacks of endothermy.
- Primates: Defining characters of primates.
- Human Evolution: Misconceptions, major steps from organic material to eutherian mammals, and the relationship between evolution and unity/diversity of life.
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Description
Prepare for the BIO 211 final exam with this review quiz covering key concepts such as Darwinian evolution, phylogeny, and various biological classifications including plants, fungi, and animals. This quiz encapsulates themes from lectures and lab work, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the material.
