Biology A Final Exam Review 2024-2025 PDF
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Uploaded by UnderstandableSecant1415
Crestwood High School
2024
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Summary
This document is a review for a biology final exam, covering topics such as ecosystem interactions, population dynamics, and limiting factors. It specifically includes sections on the wildebeest migration patterns and other ecosystem components.
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Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 irection(s): Review the key points for each topic. Remember, this should help D guide your studying BUT you will be required to apply your knowledge. Unit 1: Ecosystem Interactions and Dynamics Natural populations tend to fluctuate, grow and shrink....
Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 irection(s): Review the key points for each topic. Remember, this should help D guide your studying BUT you will be required to apply your knowledge. Unit 1: Ecosystem Interactions and Dynamics Natural populations tend to fluctuate, grow and shrink. ○ When there are more births than deaths, the population withincrease (grow) ○ When there are more deaths than births, the population willdecrease (shrink) Population size (Birth and death rates) is affected by: ○ Food availability ○ Reproductive success ○ The amount of predators ○ Extreme weather ○ Changes in habitat or climate change Producer ○ Use energy from the sun to create food through photosynthesis ○ Example: Plants Consumer ○ Get their energy by eating “consuming” other organisms like plants and animals ○ Example: Wolves and rabbits Decomposer ○ Breakdown once living things to retrieve energy ○ Ex: Mushrooms and worms 30x30 Initiative ○ The 30x30 initiative was created with the intention of protecting 30% of the planet’s oceans, lands, and freshwaters by 2030. ○ Humans have different reasons for conserving land and waters Serengeti National Park ○ A park recognized as “a place of outstanding universal value to humanity…to be protected for future generations to appreciate and enjoy.” –(UNESCO-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Limiting Factors ○ Limiting factors are things that restrict the growth of a population ○ These can be living things (biotic) or non-living things (abiotic) ○ Examples: space, food availability, mate availability, weather, predation, disease, etc. Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 Limiting Factors of the Wildebeest ○ The amount of grass available for wildebeest to graze on is one of the MOSTimportant limiting factors. Since they need foodto survive, they will migrate in order to find it ○ The grass relies on rainfall to grow. Scientists measure the amount of rain to figure out wildebeest migration patterns. Measuring grass would be too hard/take up a lot of time! Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 North Lots of rain but grass is not nutritious Wildebeest spend least amount of time here South Lower amount of rain but nutritious grass Wildebeest spend most amount of time here West Wildebeest deal with the Grumeti river (predators) and anthrax disease (during June/July) in this area Makes it hard to spend lots of time here Wildebeest and Migration Pattern ○ Wildebeest migration follows the pattern of rain. They move clockwise through Serengeti ○ December to April: Wildebeest herds are spread out across the southern Serengeti's short grass plains. Calving season takes place in late January to early February. ○ April to May: The long rains begin, and the herds move to the Western Corridor of the Serengeti. ○ June: The herds arrive for the Grumeti River crossing. ○ July: The herds cross the Mara River from Tanzania into Kenya. ○ August: Most of the wildebeest have reached the Masai Mara. ○ September: The herds graze in the Masai Mara's grasslands. ○ November: The herds move back into the Serengeti from the Masai Mara. Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 Keystone Species ○ A species which the ecosystem largely depends on ○ One of the most important organisms in an ecosystem ○ If it is removed, the ecosystem will change/be affected ○ Why is it important to protect wildebeest? The wildebeest are a keystone species in serengeti Multiple other factors/organisms are affected by the wildebeest Wildebeest leave dung behind that fertilizes the land, dung beetles lay their eggs here, the Kori bustard eats the dung beetles Wildebeest protect zebras and gazelles from other predators Wildebeest will eat the shorter grasses and zebras eat the taller grasses during migration Wildebeest compete with grasshoppers for grass Wildebeest are a food source for predators like lions/cheetahs/hyenas/wild dogs Interaction Map ○ W hat is ONE organism that will be affected if the grasshopper is removed? There will be more grass available for other organisms to eat like the gazelle and zebra ○ What is one organism that will be affected if the kori bustard is removed? The dung beetle population will increase because no one is eating them ○ What is one interaction that will be affected if the grass is removed? The wildebeest will no longer have a food source and will need to migrate in hopes of finding more grass Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 Road Proposals ○ A new challenge to Serengeti was the proposal of a new road. This road would connect existing roads on the east and west sides of the park ○ Interest holders:individual or group who has a particular interest in something that is happening. ○ Example of Interest holders: Local tribes, tourists, government, farmers, people living near park boundaries, conservationists, researchers Three Road Proposals ○ Review each road proposal and think of how each interest holder will be affected by the implementation of one of the roads Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 Unit 2: Ecosystem Matter and Energy (Zombie Fires) Cellular respiration ○ The process in which oxygen and glucose react to produce carbon dioxide and water ○ All living things (animals,plants,etc.) do cellular respiration because they need energy in order to survive ○ Carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere when things burn ○ When carbon dioxide increases atmosphere gets warmer ○ As the atmosphere gets warmer, fires increase causing apositive feedback loop(fires release carbon, carbon heatsthe atmosphere, warmer atmosphere causes more fires…..) ○ Consumers like animals and decomposers release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Photosynthesis: ○ Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes. ○ Photosynthesis is the process where carbon dioxide and energy (sunlight) is taken in to create ATP energy and release oxygen ○ Producers, such as plants, take in CO2 and lower atmosphericcarbon levels ○ Increasing size of forest reduces CO2 in the atmospherebecause trees can take it in ○ Burning forests increases CO2in the atmosphere ○ Trees can act as an above ground carbon sink because they take in CO2 Formation of peat: how and when it formed ○ In the arctic, peat acts as the main carbon sink, trapping carbon underground over thousands of years Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 ○ T housands of years ago the arctic received more direct sunlight, had warmer temps, and grew more plants. These plants died and formed peat over thousands of years. ○ In recent years, with warmer temps, the peat/permafrost layer has been melting ○ Zombie fires are burning in the melted peat releasing huge amounts of carbon ○ Decomposers are breaking down melted peat releasing huge amounts of carbon Lab investigations:be able to explain what happenedin each investigation (hot, room temp, and cold temperature) ○ Yeast Lab We grew yeast by feeding them sugar as a fuel source. Yeast are decomposers. We found they did a huge amount of cellular respiration (release CO2) at warm temperatures andalmost no respiration at cold temperatures. How does this impact the arctic peat/permafrost layer today? ○ Peat Burning BTB color change. We found out peat smolders (slow burns) for a very long time when it burns and releases a huge amount of carbon. Other carbon sources like sticks, leaves, and wood only burns for a short time and releases less carbon than the peat. ○ Photosynthesis Lab What was expected to happen? Plants do photosynthesis if they have enough light. The plants in the direct light took the carbon OUT of the BTB turning it from yellow back to blue simulating the arctic thousands of years ago due to smaller tilt of Earth on its axis back then Plants in indirect light did a small amount of photosynthesis taking a small amount of carbon out of the BTB changing it from yellow to green. This simulated the arctic today with lower direct light resulting from increased tilt of the Earth on its axis Plants wrapped in aluminum foil received no light. BTB remained yellow. This setup acted as our control group. ○ BTB Color Change BTB is blue with no carbon, green with a little carbon, and yellow with a lot of carbon dissolved into the solution In the photosynthesis lab, we saw the BTB turn from yellow to green because carbon dioxide was taken OUT of the BTB and taken IN by the plant Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 Carbon sinks around the world ○ We studied the carbon sinks of 4 areas around the world (Cambodia, California Redwoods, Australian Eucalyptus Forest, and Amazon Rainforest). ○ We found that although there are specific factors affecting each ecosystem, fires and increasing temperature were causing more carbon to be released just like in the arctic! Models- use your final models from unit 2 to study (see next page) Bio A Final Review 2024/2025 Bio A Final Review 2024/2025
