Bio202 Urinary System Fall 2023 PDF

ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Urinary System College of Integrative Sciences & Arts Ii irfr ii hp.mn Bio 202 BID 2h22 WAI MY & A natomy Physiology PEPSI II I GRIT Tonya na A. Penkrot,...

ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Urinary System College of Integrative Sciences & Arts Ii irfr ii hp.mn Bio 202 BID 2h22 WAI MY & A natomy Physiology PEPSI II I GRIT Tonya na A. Penkrot, 307 t Ph.D. 7  Function of Kidneys  Kidneys, a major excretory organ, maintain the body’s internal environment by: Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water BP Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF) Ensuring long-term acid-base balance Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs Producing renin (regulates blood pressure) and erythropoietin (regulates RBC production) Activating vitamin D last step in making Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.1 The urinary system. Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery Adrenal gland Renal hilum Aorta Renal vein Kidney Iliac crest Ureter Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive system) Urinary bladder Urethra Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.3b Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall. it 12th rib Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.3a Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall. Anterior Inferior vena cava Aorta Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity (organs removed) Supportive Renal tissue layers vein Renal fascia anterior Renal posterior artery Perirenal fat capsule Fibrous Body of capsule vertebra L2 Body wall Posterior retroperitoneal Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.4 Internal anatomy of the kidney. urine Etait camposition Renal composition hilum can change is set Renal cortex Renal medulla Major calyx Papilla of pyramid Renal pelvis Minor calyx Ureter Renal pyramid in renal medulla Renal column Fibrous capsule Photograph of right kidney, frontal section Diagrammatic view Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc.  Blood and Nerve Supply only looking really smallest vessels  Blood: kidneys cleanse blood and adjust its composition, so it has a rich blood supply Renal arteries deliver about one-fourth (1200 ml) of cardiac output to kidneys each minute Arterial flow: renal  segmental  interlobar  arcuate  cortical radiate (interlobular) Venous flow: cortical radiate  arcuate  interlobar  renal veins ― No segmental veins  Nerve supply: via sympathetic fibers from renal plexus Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.5a Blood vessels of the kidney. Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate Wattwere artery talking Arcuate vein about for Arcuate artery Interlobar vein lecexam Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis Ureter Renal medulla Renal cortex Frontal section illustrating major blood vessels Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.5b Blood vesselsAorta of the kidney. Inferior vena cava Renal artery Renal vein Segmental artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Cortical radiate vein Peritubular Cortical radiate artery capillaries or vasa recta Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerulus (capillaries) Nephron-associated blood vessels (see Figure 25.8) Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc.  25.2 Nephrons  Nephrons are the structural and functional units that form urine  > 1 million per kidney  Two main parts Renal corpuscle filtration happens Renal tubule here reabsorption secretion happens here another chance to add Stuff to Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. filtrate Figure 25.6 Location and structure of nephrons. Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Gl omerular ca psule: parietal layer Ureter Basement membrane Podocyte Kidney Fenestrated twisted endothelium LO Renal corpuscle Glomerular capsule of the glomerulus Glomerulus Gl omerular ca psule: vi sceral l ayer Di s tal convol uted Apical microvilli tubul e Mitochondria Highly Proxi ma l infolded convol uted basolateral tubul e membrane Proxi ma l convoluted tubule cells Cortex Apical side Medulla Basolateral side Thick segment Di s tal convoluted tubule cells Thin segment Nephron l oop Descending limb Ascending limb Col l ecting Nephron l oop (thin-segment) cells duct Principal cell Intercalated cell Col l ecting duct cells Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.12a The filtration membrane. Glomerular capsular space Collanderin Efferent arteriole small a kitchen sink omy smalles big stuff is filte through Afferent faucet drain arteriole Going Proximal tone convoluted Collander Glomerular capillary tubule covered by podocytes Parietal layer that form the visceral layer of glomerular everything is mall of glomerular capsule capsule that guesthru Renal corpuscle Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Big stuff stays in Bloodstream Figure 25.12b The filtration membrane. collander 3 things that Cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes this fluid has to go Filtration slits thru 1 Fenestrati Podocyte cell body 2 surroundin capillary 3 pudocyte fenestrated capillaries Fenestrations (pores) Glomerular capillary endothelium (podocyte covering and basement Foot processes membrane removed) D surrounding of podocyte capillary Glomerular capillary surrounded by podocytes Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.12c The filtration membrane. Filtration slits Podocyte cell body Foot processes Bio 202 A&P ASU DPCFiltration T. Penkrot slits between the podocyte foot processes © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.7 Renal cortical tissue. Renal corpuscle Proximal Squamous epithelium convoluted of parietal layer of tubule (fuzzy glomerular capsule lumen due to long microvilli) Glomerular capsular space Distal convoluted Glomerulus tubule (clear lumen) merulus Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.8 Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons, and their blood vessels. Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron Short nephron loop Long nephron loop Glomerulus further from Glomerulus closer to the the cortex-medulla junction cortex-medulla junction Efferent arteriole Gl omerulus Efferent Cortical radiate vein Efferent arteriole supplies supplies peritubular (capillaries) a rteri ole Cortical radiate artery vasa recta capillaries Renal 20 Of corpuscle Glomerular Afferent arteriole capsule Collecting duct 80 Of nephrons Proximal Distal convoluted tubule convoluted Afferent arteriole tubule Efferent a rteri ole nephrons Peri tubular cortec on ca pi llaries Ascending limb of nephron loop Cortex-medulla junction Arcuate vein med Kidney Va s a recta Arcuate artery Nephron loop Descending Every long limb of nephron loop very loop increases Shortloop Water reabsorption Pott surrounds reabsorption surrounds nephron pct Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot secretion loop water © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. Figure 25.9 Blood vessels of the renal cortex. eabsurption Peritubular capillary bed Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc.  Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC) (cont.) to glomerulus next  Each nephron has one juxtaglomerular complex (JGC): 1. Macula densa dense spot ― Contain chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate how concentrated is filtrate 2. Granular cells (juxtaglomerular, or JG cells) ― Act as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole ― Contain secretory granules that contain enzyme renin BP 3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells May pass signals between macula densa and granular cells linesmouth muscle Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot act © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc.  ra Figure 25.10 Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) of a nephron. Glomerular Efferent arteriole capsule Glomerulus nephron Parietal layer Foot processes of glomerular of podocytes Podocyte cell body capsule (visceral layer) Capsular Red blood cell space loopasitenterscorte gg Afferent Efferent arteriole I Proximal arteriole tubule cell Juxtaglomerular Complex: Macula densa cells of the ascending limb of nephron loop Extraglomerular Lumens of mesangial cells glomerular 8 capillaries Granular cells Endothelial cell Tsurround afferent Afferent arteriole of glomerular capillary Glomerular mesangial arteriole make renin cells helpsset Juxtaglomerular complex Renal corpuscle Bio 202 A&P ASU DPC T. Penkrot © 2016 Pea rs on Education, Inc. GFR  25.3 Physiology of Kidney  180 L of fluid processed daily, but only 1.5 L of urine is formed  Kidneys filter body’s entire plasma volume 60 times each day intensive energy  Consume 20–25% of oxygen used by body at rest  Filtrate (produced by glomerular filtration) is basically blood plasma minus proteins  Urine is produced from filtrate 991 or more has to be Urine ―