Bio105 Ch 10 Endocrine Fall 2020 PDF

The Endocrine System Biol 105 Chapter 10  Outline I. Function of Endocrine System II. Hormones and Neurotransmitters III. Types of Hormones and their actions IV. Endocrine glands/organs and hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Educati...

The Endocrine System Biol 105 Chapter 10  Outline I. Function of Endocrine System II. Hormones and Neurotransmitters III. Types of Hormones and their actions IV. Endocrine glands/organs and hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Function of the Endocrine System  The function of the endocrine system is to work with the nervous system to regulate and control other systems and maintain homeostasis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Endocrine System  The endocrine system functions by releasing hormones which travel through the body (usually using the bloodstream) to target cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Glands are secretory cells or structures derived from 1. Muscle 2. Connective 3. Epithelial tissue 4. Nervous Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Endocrine System Communication Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.1  What is a hormone?  Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by one cell and travels to another cell and affects other only the target cells that have the correct receptor. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  What complex carb do animals use for long term energy storage? A. Cellulose B. Starch C. glycogen Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Target Cells  Target cells have receptors that bind the hormones.  Non-target cells do not have these receptor and are unaffected by the hormone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Part 2 Biol 105 Ch10  Hormones vs Neurotransmitters  Similar: Endocrine system and the nervous system both are controlled by negative feedback  Endocrine and nervous system work together to maintain homeostasis but there are differences Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Hormones vs Neurotransmitters - Differences Neurotransmitters Hormones Where is it located Localized to nerve Distribute synapse throughout body in blood stream How long does it Quick acting Slow to act take to act? How long does it Taken away Remains longer in last? quickly body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. Functions and Mechanisms of Hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Part 3 Biol 105 Ch10  Types of Hormones  There are two types of hormones: 1. Water Soluble (Hydrophilic) 2. Lipid Soluble (Hydrophobic) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Amino acid hormones  A single amino acid – ex: epinephrine  Polypeptides (a chain of amino acids) – ex: human growth hormone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Amino Acid Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.22  Are Amino Acids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic? 1. Hydrophilic 2. Hydrophobic Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Can an amino acid freely cross the plasma membrane? 1. Yes 2. No Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Water Soluble Hormones  Amino acids and polypeptides are examples of water soluble hormones  Example: Epinephrine  Adrenal glands release epinephrine into the blood stream, travels throughout the body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Water Soluble Hormones  Water soluble hormones bind to a receptor on the surface of the target cells  The binding of the hormone epinephrine to the receptor triggers the formation of a secondary messenger (ex: cAMP). Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Water Soluble Hormones  The secondary messenger triggers a cascade of events ending in cellular activity (ex: the breakdown of glycogen to glucose)  Note: this type of hormone does not cross the plasma membrane and enter the cell  The receptor is on the plasma membrane. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Water Soluble Hormones - cAMP Mediation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.4 Endocrine System Part 4 Biol 105 Ch10  What type of molecule is a steroid? 1. Sugars 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Complex Carbohydrates Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Steroid hormones Examples: estrogen, testosterone Steroids are lipid soluble hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Are Steroids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic? 1. Hydrophilic 2. Hydrophobic Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Can steroids freely cross the plasma membrane? 1. Yes 2. No Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  When DNA is copied to make mRNA this is: 1. Translation 2. Transcription Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  What is the product of translation? 1. DNA 2. RNA 3. Protein/polypeptide 4. Nucleotides Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Lipid Soluble Hormones - Steroids  Lipid soluble hormones enter the target cells, they can freely pass through the plasma membrane.  Inside the cell, the hormone binds with a receptor. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Lipid Soluble Hormones - Steroids  The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA in the nucleus and activates the transcription of DNA to make mRNA.  The mRNA leaves the nucleus, binds to a ribosome and is translated to make proteins Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Lipid-soluble Hormones Step 1: The Steroid hormone Extracellular fluid steroid hormone diffuses through Plasma membrane the plasma of target cell membrane of (lipid bilayer) the target cell. Step 7: Enzymes Step 2: The alter the activity steroid hormone of the cell. binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm Receptor Step 6: Proteins, Nuclear Nuclear including enzymes, envelope pore are synthesized. Step 5: Certain genes are activated. Step 3: The hormone- receptor complex enters the nucleus. Step 4: The hormone- Nucleus receptor complex binds to DNA. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.3  Water Soluble vs Lipid Soluble Hormones  Note that the lipid soluble hormones will take longer to act than the water soluble hormones since they cause DNA transcription and translation to make a protein.  Also remember that water soluble hormones do not enter the target cell, they work through secondary messengers, whereas lipid soluble hormones enter the cell. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Would you expect the receptor for a steroid to be inside the cell or in the plasma membrane? A. Inside B. Plasma membrane Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  A steroid hormone would likely result in: A. Cell activity like glycogen breakdown B. Protein production Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2017 10.1 Pearson Education, Functions Inc. and Mechanisms of Hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  cAMP Mediation PLAY Animation—How Hormones Influence Target Cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Part 5 Biol 105 Ch10  Endocrine Glands and Organs that Secrete Hormones  Pituitary Pancreas  Thyroid Ovaries  Parathyroid Testes  Heart  Adrenals  Placenta  Pineal  Stomach  Hypothalamus  Intestines  Thymus  Kidneys Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Endocrine System Pineal gland Thymus gland Parathyroid glands (two of four) Adrenal gland (one on each kidney) Heart Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Kidney Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.2 (1 of 2)  Endocrine System Thyroid gland Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Testis (one of a pair) Uterus Ovary (one of a pair) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.2 (2 of 2)  Hypothalamus  Hypothalamus — regulates the internal environment through the autonomic nervous system.  Helps control heartbeat.  Helps control body temperature.  Helps control water balance. 14-6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Hypothalamus  Hypothalamus - Controls glandular secretions of the pituitary gland.  Produces: 1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 2. Oxytocin 3. Hormones that control the pituitary (Hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic- inhibiting Hormones) 14-6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Will A Diuretic Make Your Urine _____? 1. More dilute 2. More concentrated Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  An Antidiuretic Will Make Your Urine: 1. More dilute 2. More concentrated Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  An Antidiuretic Will cause your kidneys to: 1. Reabsorb water 2. Excrete water Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  What will an antidiuretic do to your BP? A. Increase B. decrease Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Hypothalamus – ADH and Oxytocin  The hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are stored in and released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. 14-7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  Function: regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys (H2O is returned to the bloodstream).  Target: Kidneys 14-7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which of these hormones is produced by the hypothalamus? A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) C. Gonadotropic hormones – (FSH and LH) D. Oxytocin E. Prolactin (PRL) F. Growth hormone (GH) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Oxytocin  Function: stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk release (ejecting milk from the glands).  Target: Uterus and mammary glands  Pitocin: Synthetic form or OT, given to induce labor. 14-7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Part 6 Biol 105 Ch10 10.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary  The hypothalamus produces hormones (hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic- inhibiting hormones)  These hormones travel a short distance in the blood stream to the anterior pituitary gland.  The hormones control when the anterior pituitary gland releases its hormones 14-8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pituitary Gland – Anterior  The anterior pituitary gland produces: 1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 3. Gonadotropic hormones – (FSH and LH) 4. Prolactin (PRL) 5. Growth hormone (GH) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Part 7 Biol 105 Ch10  Pituitary Gland – Anterior and Posterior Hypothalamus Nerve cells in the hypothalamus produce Nerve cells in the antidiuretic hormone hypothalamus secrete (ADH) and oxytocin (OT). releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones. Posterior Anterior Releasing and inhibiting ADH and OT travel to pituitary pituitary hormones travel by way the ends of the cells in of the bloodstream to the posterior pituitary, the anterior pituitary where they are released and cause it to modify into the bloodstream to secretion of its six influence target tissues. hormones (FSH, LH, GH, PRL, ACTH, and TSH). Antidiuretic Follicle-stimulating hormone (ADH) hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) Growth hormone (GH) Oxytocin (OT) Ovaries, testes Kidney tubules Prolactin (PRL) Thyroid- stimulating Adrenocortico- hormone (TSH) tropic hormone Mammary (ACTH) Bones, muscles Smooth muscle in uterus glands Mammary glands Cortex of Thyroid gland adrenal gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.6  Pituitary Gland – Posterior  There are two sections of the pituitary gland: anterior and posterior.  The posterior pituitary gland receives ADH and oxytocin from the hypothalamus, stores these hormones and releases them. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pituitary Gland – Anterior  The anterior pituitary gland releases the hormones it has produced hormones after receiving hormones from the hypothalamus. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)  Function: stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.  TSH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary  Target: Thyroid gland 14-8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)  Function: stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.  ACTH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary  Target: adrenal cortex 14-8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Gonadotropic hormones  Gonadotropic hormones - stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and hormones.  FSH  LH 14-8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Gonadotropic hormones  The two gonadotropic hormones are:  Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – stimulates gamete development in males and females  Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Prolactin (PRL)  Function: causes mammary glands to develop and produce milk.  PRL is produced by the Anterior Pituitary  Target: Mammary glands 14-8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Growth hormone (GH)  Function: promotes skeletal and muscular growth.  GH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary  Target: Bones, muscles, and cartilage 14-8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which of the following hormones stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys (reducing the amount of urine produced)? 1. insulin 2. thyroxin 3. ADH 4. calcitonin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol 1. insulin 2. thyroxin 3. ADH 4. ACTH Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which gland produces oxytocin 1. Anterior Pituitary 2. Posterior Pituitary 3. Hypothalamus 4. Adrenal Cortex Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which gland produces prolactin 1. Anterior Pituitary 2. Posterior Pituitary 3. Hypothalamus 4. Adrenal Cortex Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which hormone causes the mammary glands to produce milk A. Oxytocin (OXY) B. Prolactin (PRL) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which hormone causes the gonads to produce reproductive hormones? A. FSH B. LH Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Part 8 Biol 105 Ch10  Thyroid Gland Hormones Opening to trachea Larynx Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Trachea Front view Back view (a) The thyroid gland lies over the trachea, just below the larynx. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.11a  Thyroid Gland  Thyroid gland - large gland located below the larynx. Requires iodine to make hormones  Produces: 1. Thyroid Hormones:  Example: Thyroxine 2. Calcitonin – calcium regulation 14-13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which hormone would you give to a person with osteoporosis? A. PTH B. Calcitonin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Calcitonin lowers or raises the blood's calcium level? 1. Lowers 2. Raises Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Thyroid Gland – calcitonin  The hormone calcitonin - regulates calcium levels in bone and blood.  Lowers the blood calcium level by depositing calcium into the bone and signaling the kidneys to release more calcium into the urine.  Target: bone and kidneys 14-13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Thyroid Gland – Thyroxine  The thyroid hormone thyroxine - regulates metabolism by stimulating protein synthesis, the breakdown of lipids, and the use of glucose for the production of ATP  Target: most cells in the body 14-13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  What is the target of thyroxine? 1. Bone 2. Muscle 3. Kidneys 4. Most cells in the body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Calcitonin is produced by the 1. Hypothalamus 2. Thyroid 3. Parathyroid 4. Ant pit 5. Post pit Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Parathyroid Gland  Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)  PTH increases blood calcium levels by:  Removing calcium from the bone  Increasing calcium absorption from intestines  Decreasing the calcium excreted from the kidneys  Target: bone, kidney, intestine 14-13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Adrenal Glands Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.14a  Adrenal Glands Adrenal Adrenal cortex gland Mineralocorticoids Gonadocorticoids Glucocorticoids Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine (b) A section through the adrenal gland reveals two regions, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. These regions secrete different hormones. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.14b  ACTH is produced by the 1. Hypothalamus 2. Thyroid 3. Parathyroid 4. Ant pit 5. Post pit 6. Adrenal cortex Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Part 9 Biol 105 Ch10  Adrenal Glands  Adrenal glands—sit on top of the kidneys.  There are two parts of the adrenal glands:  Adrenal medulla  Adrenal cortex 14-16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Control of the Adrenal Glands  The adrenal glands is controlled by both nerves and hormones  Adrenal medulla: controlled by nerves from the hypothalamus  Adrenal cortex: controlled by ACTH (a hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland 14-16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Adrenal Medulla - Epinepherine  Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla:  Epinephrine - prepares the body for quick action. “fight or flight” / short-term response to stress.  Effects: Increases blood pressure, increases heart rate, increases blood glucose levels 14-16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Adrenal Cortex  Two types of hormone secreted by adrenal cortex: 1. Mineralocorticoids ex: aldosterone 2. Glucocorticoids ex: cortisol 14-16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Adrenal Cortex - Mineralocorticoids  Mineralocorticoids – example: aldosterone  Promotes reabsorption of water by the kidneys, reducing the amount of water released in urine.  Increases blood pressure.  Target: Kidneys 14-16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Adrenal Cortex - Glucocorticoids  Glucocorticoids – ex: cortisol.  Affect glucose homeostasis  Act on the liver to promote the conversion of fat and protein into intermediate substances available to the body’s cells  Inhibit the inflammatory response  Aids in allowing us to survive stress 14-16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  What effect does the presence of epinephrine have on blood pressure? 1. increases 2. decreases 3. has no effect Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  What produces epinephrine? 1. Hypothalamus 2. Ant pit 3. Post pit 4. Adrenal cortex 5. Adrenal medulla Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which of the following affects the adrenal cortex? 1. ACTH 2. TSH 3. FSH 4. Nerves Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which of the following affects the adrenal medulla? 1. ACTH 2. TSH 3. ADH 4. Nerves 5. OXY Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  The complex carbohydrate stored in humans is: 1. Cellulose 2. Starch 3. Glycogen 4. Triglycerides Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Where is glycogen stored in the body: 1. Adipose tissue 2. Muscle 3. Liver 4. 2 and 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Which of the following glands secretes cortisol? 1. pituitary 2. pancreas 3. adrenal medulla 4. adrenal cortex Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Part 10 Biol 105 Ch10  Pancreas Stomach Common bile duct (from gallbladder and liver) Pancreas Pancreatic duct Duodenum (first part of small intestine) (a) Structure of the pancreas and associated ducts. Exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct, which unites with the common bile duct before entering the small intestine. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.17a  Pancreas Gland Hormones  Hormones of the pancreas  Secreted from the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)  Regulate blood glucose levels through two hormones: 1. glucagon 2. insulin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pancreas Gland Hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.17b  Pancreas - Glucagon  Glucagon - raises blood glucose levels of the blood.  Target and effects:  Liver – stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, and to form glucose from lactic acid 14-20 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pancreas Gland Hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.18 (2 of 2)  Pancreas - Insulin  Insulin - lowers blood glucose levels of the blood. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Insulin Target and Effects  Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle cells, white blood cells, and connective tissue cells.  Liver: Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose  Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids into glucose  Adipose tissue: stimulates formation of triglycerides from glucose Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pancreas Gland Hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.18 (1 of 2)  Glucagon _______ the blood glucose levels 1. Lowers 2. Raises Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Part 11 Biol 105 Ch10  FSH and LH are produced by the: A. Hypothalamus B. Ant pituitary C. Pos pituitary D. Gonads (testes and ovaries) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Gonads – ovaries and testes  They are controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland – see the Gonadotropic hormones  Testes produce testosterone.  Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. 14-23 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Gonads - Testosterone  Effects:  During development, testosterone is stimulates growth of male reproductive organs  Responsible for male secondary sex characteristics.  Prompts larynx & vocal cords to enlarge.  Responsible for muscular strength of males.  Promotes sperm production 14-23 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Gonads - Estrogen and progesterone  Effects:  During development, stimulates growth of female reproductive organs  Responsible for secondary sex characteristics.  Necessary for egg maturation.  Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles. 14-23 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pineal Gland Pineal gland Cerebrum Hypothalamus Skull Pituitary gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.19  Pineal gland  Located in the brain.  Secretes the hormone: melatonin  Involved in our daily sleep-wake cycle. (circadian rhythms)  Regulates sexual development.  May play a role SAD – seasonal affect disorder 14-25 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Kidneys  The kidneys release the hormones:  Erythropoietin – stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells  Renin – through a series of reactions, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone which increase blood pressure. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Hormone Produced/ Target Function released from ADH Hypothal./post. Kidney Causes water to pit be reabsorbed by the kidneys Oxytocin Hypothal./post. Uterus, stimulates pit mammary uterine glands contraction during childbirth and milk release from mammary glands LH Ant. Pituitary Ovaries, testes stimulates production of sex hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Hormone Produced/ Target Function released FSH Ant. Pituitary Ovaries, testes stimulates gamete development TSH Ant. Pituitary Thyroid Causes the thyroid to release its hormones ACTH Ant. Pituitary Adrenal Cortex Causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol Prolactin Ant. Pituitary Mammary Stimulates glands mammary glands to produce milk Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hormone Produced/ Target Function released GH Ant. Pituitary Bones, promotes skeletal muscle, and muscular cartilage growth Thyroxine Thyroid Throughout regulates body metabolism by stimulating breakdown of energy molecules Calcitonin Thyroid gland Bones, Lowers the blood kidneys calcium PTH Parathyroid Bones, Increases blood gland kidneys, calcium levels intestine Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hormone Produced/ Target Function released from Cortisol Adrenal Cortex Muscle, Influences adipose carbohydrate, tissue, protein, & fat immune metabolism, system suppress the immune system Aldosterone Adr. Cortex Kidney Promotes reabsorption of water by the kidneys, increasing blood pressure Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hormone Produced/ Target Function released from Epinepherine Adr. Medulla Throughout Increases blood body pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose levels Insulin Pancreas Liver, lowers blood muscle, wbc, glucose levels connective tissue, adipose Glucagon Pancreas Liver, Raises blood muscle, glucose levels adipose Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hormone Produced/ Target Function released from Testosterone Testes (and Throughout stimulates growth other tissues) body in men of reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, larynx & vocal cords to enlarge, increase muscular strength, sperm production Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hormone Produced/ Target Function released from Estrogen Ovaries Throughout stimulates growth body in of repro. organs, women secondary sex characteristics, egg maturation, regulates ovarian and uterine cycles. Erythropoietin Kidneys Bone Increase red marrow blood cell production Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hormone Produced/ Target Function released from Renin Kidneys Adrenal stimulates the cortex adrenal cortex to release aldosterone which increase blood pressure Melatonin Pineal gland Throughout Regulates sleep- body wake cycle and sexual development Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Important Concepts  Describe the function of the endocrine system.  Identify the similarities and differences between neurotransmitters and hormones  Identify the two types of hormones; describe how the two types of hormones work, how do they effect the target cells, the differences between the two types of hormones, and examples of each type of hormone. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Important Concepts  Identify where all the hormones in this lecture are produced and released from, and describe the functions of the hormones, and the targets of the hormones.  Describe how does the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland.  Describe the functions of the hypothalamus.  Identify the two parts of the adrenal glands, and describe how each part is controlled, and which hormones are released from which part. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Important Concepts  Describe how calcium levels in the blood are regulated, including what hormones and glands regulate it.  Describe how blood glucose levels are regulated, including what hormones and glands regulate it. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Definitions  Properly use the following terms: Endocrine glands, Hormones, receptor, target cells, non- target cells, pancreatic islets, negative feedback, water soluble, hydrophilic, lipid soluble, hydrophobic, secondary messenger, transcription, translation, produce, release, dilute, concentrated, deficient, sufficient, synthesis, reabsorption, inhibit, stimulate, pancreatic islets Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.