The Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the final product of the translation process?

  • Nucleotides
  • Protein/polypeptide (correct)
  • RNA
  • DNA

Which statement accurately describes the action of lipid-soluble hormones?

  • They cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
  • They exclusively affect genes unrelated to protein synthesis.
  • They enter the cell and bind to receptors inside. (correct)
  • They bind to receptors on the cell surface.

What role does the hormone-receptor complex play in the nucleus?

  • It destroys the existing RNA.
  • It binds to proteins for storage.
  • It exits the nucleus to find more hormones.
  • It activates specific genes to produce mRNA. (correct)

In which part of the cell does the steroid hormone bind to its receptor?

<p>In the cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to mRNA after it is produced in the nucleus?

<p>It is translated into proteins by ribosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of lipid-soluble hormones acting on target cells?

<p>The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the sequence of events after the steroid hormone binds to its receptor?

<p>Formation of the hormone-receptor complex and gene activation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate effect of enzymes synthesized in response to the hormone action?

<p>They alter the activity of the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone controls the adrenal cortex?

<p>ACTH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone?

<p>Promote reabsorption of water by the kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the adrenal glands is directly controlled by the hypothalamus through nerve signals?

<p>Adrenal medulla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex?

<p>Epinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of epinephrine when secreted by the adrenal medulla?

<p>Prepares the body for quick action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the secretion of ACTH?

<p>Anterior pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of glucocorticoids like cortisol?

<p>Regulate metabolic processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is associated with the secretion of epinephrine?

<p>Increased blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pituitary gland releases hormones it produces upon receiving signals from the hypothalamus?

<p>Anterior pituitary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) play in the body?

<p>Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does testosterone play during development?

<p>Promotes sperm production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily secreted by the pineal gland?

<p>Melatonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are classified as gonadotropic hormones?

<p>Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of Prolactin (PRL)?

<p>Mammary glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of estrogen in females?

<p>Necessary for egg maturation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>Regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does renin have in the body?

<p>Increases blood pressure through aldosterone release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Growth hormone (GH)?

<p>Promotes skeletal and muscular growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating water reabsorption by the kidneys?

<p>ADH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland stores and releases the hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

<p>Pituitary gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During male development, testosterone is responsible for which of the following?

<p>Enlarging the larynx and vocal cords (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT produced by the hypothalamus?

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of melatonin in the body?

<p>Regulates the sleep-wake cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in males?

<p>Testes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in stimulating the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells?

<p>Erythropoietin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on blood pressure?

<p>Increases blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating ovarian and uterine cycles in females?

<p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with the hypothalamus?

<p>Producing thyroid hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily target?

<p>Kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes the kidneys to perform which of the following actions?

<p>Reabsorb water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone helps control water balance in the body?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oxytocin?

<p>Stimulates uterine contractions and milk release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is synthetically produced to induce labor?

<p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus produce that affect the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the hypothalamic hormones play in relation to the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>They control the release timing of anterior pituitary hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating milk release from mammary glands?

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of prolactin (PRL)?

<p>Uterus and mammary glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>Nerve cells in the hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transcription Product

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Translation Product

Protein/polypeptide

Lipid-soluble Hormone

Hormone that can pass through the cell membrane without a carrier.

Lipid-soluble Hormone Receptor

A protein inside the cell that binds to a lipid-soluble hormone.

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Hormone-Receptor Complex

The combined structure of a hormone and its receptor.

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Nuclear Action

The hormone-receptor complex activates gene expression.

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mRNA Synthesis

Transcription of DNA to create mRNA occurs in the nucleus.

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Protein Synthesis

mRNA leaves the nucleus and, at a ribosome, produces proteins

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Hypothalamus function

Regulates internal environment (heartbeat, body temperature, water balance) and controls pituitary gland secretions.

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Hypothalamic hormones

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus to control the pituitary gland.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone that regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing water retention.

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ADH target

Kidneys: ADH directs the kidney to reabsorb water into the bloodstream.

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Diuretic effect on urine

Diuretics increase urine output by reducing water reabsorption.

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Antidiuretic effect on urine

Antidiuretics decrease urine output by increasing water reabsorption.

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ADH effect on blood pressure

ADH increases blood pressure by increasing blood volume.

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Oxytocin function

Hormone stored and released by the posterior pituitary, involved in contractions and other functions.

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Oxytocin function

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release.

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Pitocin

Synthetic oxytocin, used to induce labor.

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Hypothalamus control

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by releasing hormones (releasing/inhibiting).

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Anterior Pituitary Hormones

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH), Prolactin (PRL), Growth hormone (GH).

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Hypothalamic-Releasing Hormones

Hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary.

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Hypothalamic-Inhibiting Hormones

Hormones that prevent the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary.

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Anterior Pituitary

The front part of the pituitary gland that produces several essential hormones.

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Prolactin (PRL)

A hormone that stimulates milk production.

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Posterior Pituitary Function

Stores and releases hormones (ADH and oxytocin) received from the hypothalamus.

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Anterior Pituitary Function

Produces its own hormones after receiving signals from the hypothalamus.

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TSH Function

Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine.

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ACTH Function

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

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Gonadotropic Hormones

Stimulate gonads to produce hormones & gametes.

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FSH Function

Stimulates gamete development (males & females).

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LH Function

Stimulates hormone production (estrogen/progesterone in females, testosterone in males).

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ADH Hormone Function

Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys, reducing urine production.

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ACTH production location

ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

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Adrenal gland parts

The adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.

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Adrenal medulla control

The adrenal medulla is controlled by nerve signals from the hypothalamus.

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Adrenal cortex control

The adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland.

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Mineralocorticoids example

Aldosterone is an example of a mineralocorticoid.

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Mineralocorticoid action

Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone promote water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood pressure.

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Glucocorticoid example

Cortisol is an example of a glucocorticoid.

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Epinephrine function

Epinephrine, a hormone from the adrenal medulla, prepares the body for the 'fight-or-flight' response.

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Testosterone Effects

Testosterone stimulates male reproductive organ growth, causes secondary sex characteristics (e.g., voice change, muscle development), and promotes sperm production.

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Estrogen and Progesterone Effects

Estrogen and progesterone stimulate female reproductive organ growth, develop secondary sex characteristics, promote egg maturation, and regulate menstrual cycles.

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Pineal Gland Hormone

Melatonin, a hormone involved in the sleep-wake cycle, and may affect sexual development and seasonal affect disorder.

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Erythropoietin Function

Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to create more red blood cells.

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Renin's Role

Renin triggers a cascade that leads to aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex, increasing blood pressure.

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ADH Target

ADH targets the kidneys to increase water reabsorption into the bloodstream.

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Oxytocin Function

Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions and milk release.

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Kidneys' Hormone Release

Kidneys produce erythropoietin , stimulating red blood cell production, and renin that raises blood pressure.

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Study Notes

The Endocrine System

  • The endocrine system works with the nervous system to regulate and control other systems, maintaining homeostasis.
  • The endocrine system functions by releasing hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.
  • Glands are secretory cells or structures derived from muscle, connective tissue, epithelial or nervous tissue.
  • Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by one cell that travel to another cell, affecting only target cells with the correct receptor.
  • Target cells have receptors that bind hormones; non-target cells lack these receptors and aren't affected.
  • Hormones and Neurotransmitters work together for homeostasis. They are both controlled by negative feedback but differ in location and speed of action.
  • Hormones are slower-acting and remain in the body longer than neurotransmitters.

Types of Hormones

  • There are two types of hormones: water-soluble (hydrophilic) and lipid-soluble (hydrophobic).
  • Water-soluble hormones (amino acids and polypeptides like epinephrine) bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering the formation of a secondary messenger (ex: cAMP), activating cellular activity.
  • Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids like estrogen and testosterone) pass through the plasma membrane, bind with a receptor inside the cell, bind to DNA and activate transcription to initiate protein production.

Specific Hormones and Their Functions

  • Hypothalamus: Regulates internal environment by influencing the autonomic nervous system, controlling heartbeat, body temperature, and water balance. It also produces ADH and oxytocin; important hormones that control the pituitary gland.
  • ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone): Regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, returning water to the bloodstream.
  • Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release (ejection).
  • Pituitary Gland (Anterior): Produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH), prolactin (PRL), and growth hormone (GH).
  • TSH (Thyroid-stimulating Hormone): Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.
  • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone): Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.
  • FSH (Follicle-stimulating Hormone)/LH (Luteinizing Hormone): Stimulate the gonads (testes and ovaries) to produce gametes and hormones. - FSH stimulates gamete development in both genders. - LH stimulates the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone and testes to produce testosterone.
  • PRL (Prolactin): Stimulates mammary glands to develop and produce milk.
  • GH (Growth Hormone): Promotes skeletal and muscular growth.
  • Pituitary Gland (Posterior): Receives ADH and oxytocin from the hypothalamus, stores them, and releases them.
  • Thyroid Gland: Requires iodine to produce hormones.
    • Thyroxine: Regulates metabolism by stimulating protein synthesis, lipid breakdown, and glucose use for ATP production.
    • Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium levels by depositing calcium into bone and signaling the kidneys to release more calcium into the urine.
  • Parathyroid Gland: Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium levels by removing calcium from the bone, increasing calcium absorption from the intestines, and decreasing calcium excretion from the kidneys.
  • Adrenal Glands: Composed of the adrenal medulla and cortex.
    • Adrenal Medulla: Secretes epinephrine. Prepares the body for quick action (“fight-or-flight” response), increasing blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose levels.
    • Adrenal Cortex: Secretes mineralocorticoids (like aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (like cortisol).
      • Aldosterone: Promotes water reabsorption by the kidneys, increasing blood pressure.
      • Cortisol: Affects glucose homeostasis, promoting fat and protein conversion to intermediate substances usable by body cells. Inhibits inflammatory response
  • Pancreas: Regulates blood glucose levels via glucagon and insulin.
    • Glucagon: Raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen to glucose and to create glucose from lactic acid.
    • Insulin: Lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating the transport of glucose into muscle, white blood cells, and connective tissues; inhibiting glycogen breakdown in the liver; preventing the conversion of amino and fatty acids into glucose; and stimulating triglyceride formation from glucose in adipose tissue.
  • Kidneys: Release erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. They also produce renin to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
  • Gonads: Ovaries (female) produce estrogen and progesterone which regulates reproductive organs secondary sex characteristics, egg maturation, etc. Testes (male) produce testosterone that promotes growth and traits related to male development.
  • Pineal Gland: Located in the brain, secretes melatonin, involved in daily sleep-wake cycles and sexual development.

Important Concepts

  • The endocrine system and the nervous system work together for homeostasis.
  • Hormones are classified as water-soluble or lipid-soluble, affecting target cells differently.
  • Understanding how the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, and the different parts and functions of the adrenal glands are crucial.
  • The regulation of calcium and glucose levels in the blood is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulated by different hormones.

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Bio105 Ch 10 Endocrine Fall 2020 PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of the endocrine system and how it works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis. This quiz covers the functions of hormones, types of glands, and the difference between water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones. Test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of this crucial biological system.

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