Animal Cell Structures and Functions PDF

Lesson 2.2 Structures and Functions of Animal Cells General Biology 11/2 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics The shape of an airplane is similar to the general form of a bird. 2 The shape of a boat resembles that of a fish....

Lesson 2.2 Structures and Functions of Animal Cells General Biology 11/2 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics The shape of an airplane is similar to the general form of a bird. 2 The shape of a boat resembles that of a fish. 3 This shows that structures present in living organisms are usually used as a basis for designing objects. The structure is always related to its function. 4 Are the structure and functions of the components that make up an organism’s body related to each other? 5  Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe the hierarchy of the biological organization. Differentiate animal cell types based on their structures and functions. 6  Hierarchy of Biological Organization In complex multicellular organisms like animals, cells come in different structures and functions—they differ in terms of shapes and sizes, and they also have specialized functions. All organisms are made up of at least one cell. 7 Why is the cell considered as the basic unit of life? 8  Hierarchy of Biological Organization The hierarchy of biological organization includes the assemblage of life from the smallest biomolecules to the interacting ecosystems of the biosphere. 9  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization Four types of biomolecules or molecules associated atoms and molecules with life: Chemical that make up the carbohydrates basic unit of life proteins lipids or fats nucleic acids 10  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization distinct and specialized subcellular structures that contribute to the cell’s mitochondria, nucleus, Organelle maintenance and Golgi apparatus, reproduction; endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic cells 11  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization the smallest, basic, skin cells, blood functional unit of life formed cells, muscle Cell when different atoms and cells or fibers, molecules combine and neurons function together 12  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization Four types of animal groups of cells that tissue: work together to epithelial tissue Tissue perform a connective tissue specialized function muscle tissue nervous tissue 13  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization groups of tissues that work together to skin, lungs, heart Organ perform a specialized muscle, brain function 14  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization groups of organs that integumentary work together to system, respiratory Organ system perform a certain system, circulatory process in the body system 15  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization formed by different organ systems that create humans, grasses, complex interactions with Organism dogs, cats, one another to maintain balance or homeostasis, mushroom and sustain life 16  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization organisms that belong humans living in the to the same species same house, koalas Population and live in the same living in an area of area the forest 17  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization humans, cats, and dogs living in the different populations same house; koalas, Community living in the same area kangaroos, and various tree species in an area of the forest 18  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization humans, cats, dogs, includes all the and grasses getting communities resources from Ecosystem interacting with one nonliving things like another and with their soil, water, and environment sunlight 19  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization includes all the the entire surface of Biosphere different kinds of Earth where life ecosystem thrives 20  Type of Animal Tissues Tissues These refer to groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. The four types of tissues in animals vary significantly in structure and function. 21  Type of Animal Tissues Epithelial Tissue Structure of Epithelial Tissues Epithelial tissue or epithelium is a type Connective Tissue of animal tissue that forms the inner and outer lining of organs, the covering Muscular Tissue in surfaces, and the primary glandular tissue of the body. Nervous Tissue 22  Type of Animal Tissues simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue site of one layer air sacs or diffusion or alveoli, exchange of flat, capillary Nervous Tissue substances; scale-like walls secretion 23  Type of Animal Tissues simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue glands and one layer their ducts, absorption ovaries, and cube- and lining Nervous Tissue secretion shaped of kidney tubules 24  Type of Animal Tissues simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue absorption one layer walls of and the gastro- secretion; intestinal elongated contains tract and Nervous Tissue or column- goblet cells body that secrete shaped cavities mucus 25  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells absorption and secretion; Muscular Tissue one layer the lining usually ciliated; of the cells have elongated respiratory unequal length or column- tract and position of Nervous Tissue nucleus forming shaped a false layering of cells  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue more than the protection one epidermis, against layer lining of abrasion or mouth, constant Nervous Tissue esophagus, exposure to flat, scale-like and vagina friction 27  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue more than sweat glands, one salivary protection layer glands, and Nervous Tissue and secretion cube- mammary shaped glands 28  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue more than one male layer urethra protection and ducts and Nervous Tissue elongated of some secretion or column- glands shaped 29  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The basic components of connective tissues vary according to their type (left, extracellular matrix; right, fibers and fibroblast). 30  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The different connective tissues vary with the composition of their extracellular matrices and the types of cells they consist of. 31  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues layers of a very Connective Tissue hard matrix with Bone or calcium salts protection osseous and collagen skull and Muscular Tissue and tissue fibers ribs support consists of bone cells called Nervous Tissue lacunae 32  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues Connective Tissue more flexible hyaline matrix than cartilage protection Cartilage bone fibro Muscular Tissue and cartilage cells cartilage support called elastic chondrocytes cartilage Nervous Tissue 33 34  Connective Tissues Connective Epithelial Tissue Description Examples Functions Tissues Matrix is Connective Tissue predominantly Dense made up of connective collagen fibers or dense tendon Muscular Tissue and has lesser support fibrous ligament cells. tissue This is a fibroblast or a Nervous Tissue fiber-forming cell. 35  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues Matrix Connective Tissue areolar contains tissue more cells protection, Loose adipose and lesser insulation, Muscular Tissue connective tissue or fibers than storage, tissue fat tissue dense and reticular connective support connective Nervous Tissue tissue so it is tissue softer. 36  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues plasma Connective Tissue Cellular transport components consist of of blood cells. blood substance, Muscular Tissue Blood with fibers that are blood immune only visible during cells response, clotting because and blood Nervous Tissue they are made up of clotting soluble proteins 37  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The types of muscle tissues differ in their general structure but more or less perform the same function, i.e., to elicit movement. 38  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Muscle Location Description Tissues Control long, Connective Tissue cylindrical, striated (with Skeletal attached to visible stripes), Muscular Tissue muscle the skeleton and voluntary or bones multinucleated (with more than one Nervous Tissue nucleus) 39  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Muscle Location Description Tissues Control Connective Tissue found in the made up of walls of hollow nonstriated, Smooth organs such as uninucleated, intestines, Muscular Tissue muscle and involuntary stomach, spindle-shaped bladder, blood (have pointed vessels, and ends) cells. Nervous Tissue uterus 40  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Muscle Location Description Tissues Control Connective Tissue uninucleated (one nucleus) Cardiac and has found in the striations Muscular Tissue muscle involuntary heart has intercalated Nervous Tissue disks 41  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue Neuron, the basic unit of the nervous system, consists of structures that can conduct electrochemical signals as a form of information. 42  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Neurons may be classified based from their number Nervous Tissue of cellular processes. 43  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function These are Connective Tissue star-shaped cells that support and control the chemical Muscular Tissue environment around CNS the neurons. Astrocytes These are the most Nervous Tissue abundant glial cell in the CNS. 44  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue These are ovoid cells in the CNS that can transform into a Muscular Tissue CNS phagocytic macrophage to clean neuronal debris and Microglial cells wastes. Nervous Tissue 45  Connective Tissues Nervous Tissues Location Function Epithelial Tissue These are ciliated cells that line the Connective Tissue central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord and form Muscular Tissue CNS a fairly permeable membrane between the cavities with Ependymal cells cerebrospinal fluid Nervous Tissue and the tissues of CNS. 46  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue These are responsible for the Muscular Tissue CNS production of the myelin sheath. Oligodendrocytes Nervous Tissue 47  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue They surround the Muscular Tissue PNS cell body of a neuron. Satellite cells Nervous Tissue 48  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue They surround all the nerve fibers and Muscular Tissue PNS produce myelin sheath similar to the oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells Nervous Tissue 49 Remember The structure and form of the tissues in animals are always related to their functions. Epithelial tissues are made up of tightly packed cells because they cover and protect bodily structures. Connective tissues are characterized by the presence of ground substances and fibers that support, bind, and protect organs. 50 Remember Muscular tissues are made up of highly specialized cells that contract to cause movement. Lastly, nervous tissues mainly contain networks of nerve cells that possess irritability and conductivity to allow the transmission and reception of electrochemical impulses. 51  Check Your Understanding Identify the level of biological organization described in the items below. 1. a group of organs that coordinate to perform a specific function 2. butterflies of the same species living in the same area 3. atoms and molecules interacting with one another 52  Check Your Understanding Identify the type of animal tissue described in the items below. 1. with extracellular matrix made up of ground substance and fibers 2. classified based on cell shape and arrangement 3. composed of cells that conduct electrochemical signals 53  Let’s Sum It Up! There are different levels of biological organization, and these include the following (lowest to highest): chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Animals have four types of tissue: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. They all differ significantly in structures and functions. 54  Let’s Sum It Up! Epithelial tissue is composed of tightly packed cells that cover, line, and protect the body part. It can be classified based on cell arrangement (simple, stratified, pseudostratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). 55  Let’s Sum It Up! Connective tissue is made up of cells and an extracellular matrix that connects, protects, and supports body parts. Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and blood are the types of connective tissue. 56  Let’s Sum It Up! Muscular tissue is composed of highly specialized muscle cells that contract to produce movement. It has three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons that receive and conduct electrochemical signals and supporting cells (glial cells) that support, protect, and insulate neurons. 57 Challenge Yourself Polar bears have a thick adipose tissue layer. What is the importance of this tissue in the survival of polar bears during the winter season? 58 Photo Credit Slide 8: Animals-of-Israel-ver004, by MathKnight-at-TAU is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. 59 Bibliography Campbell, Neil A. 2009. Biology (8th Edition). French Forest: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Campbell, Neil A., Michael L. Cain, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, and Steven Alexander Wasserman. Biology: a Global Approach. Harlow, Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2018. Mader, Sylvia S. 2011. Concepts of Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Madigan, Michael T., Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew. Sattley, and David A. Stahl. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited, 2017. Marieb, Elaine Nicpon. Human Anatomy & Physiology. New York: Pearson Education, 2004. 60