Bio-Psych Movement PDF

Movement What are the 3 categories of 1. Smooth Muscles muscles? 2. Skeletal/Striated Muscles 3. Cardiac Muscles What are each type of muscles 1. Smooth - control digestive and organs associated wit...

Movement What are the 3 categories of 1. Smooth Muscles muscles? 2. Skeletal/Striated Muscles 3. Cardiac Muscles What are each type of muscles 1. Smooth - control digestive and organs associated with? 2. Skeletal - control movement 3. Cardiac - controls the heart How do muscle fibers receive From 1 axon information - 1 axon may innervate many muscle fibers What is a neuromuscular junction? A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber What does Acetylcholine do to a It causes the muscle to contract muscle? What is an antagonistic muscle? When movement requires the alternating contraction of opposing muscles. What are the two types of skeletal 1. Flexor muscles? What do they do? a. Bend or flex a joint 2. Extensor a. Straighten and extends What is it called when skeletal 1. Fast-twitch muscles can be fast or slow? 2. Slow-twitch What are the definitions of the fast Fast-twitch: and slow movements? - fibers produce fast contractions but fatigue but fatigue rapidly (jumping) Slow-twitch: - fibers produce less vigorous contraction without fatigue (walking) What are Proprioceptors? Receptors that detect the position or movements of a part of the body. What are the two types of Muscle Spindles proprioceptors and what do they - Respond to a stretch and cause contraction of do? the muscle - Located in the muscle - Stretch detectors and sense how much and how fast a muscle is lengthened or shortened Golgi Tendon Organ - Responds to increased muscle tension - Located in the tendons (connects muscle to bone)  - Acts as a “brake”against excessively vigorous contraction by sending an impulse to the spinal cord where motor neurons are inhibited What are reflexes? Involuntary, consistent, and automatic responses to stimuli. What are monosynaptic Reflexes? Reflex requiring one synapse between sensory input and movement. Ex. knee-jerk reflex and eye pupil reflex. Are movements voluntary or A combination of both, reflexive and non-reflexive. involuntary? - Some are ballistic and cannot be changed once initiated. What is a central pattern A neural mechanism in the spinal cord or elsewhere that generator? generates rhythmic patterns of motor output. - Ex. wing flapping in birds or “wet dog shake” What is a motor program? Refers to a fixed sequence of movements that is either learned or built into the nervous system. - Once begun, the sequence is fixed from beginning to end - Ex. Yawning. What is a Brain-computer interface Uses the brain’s signals to direct computer-controlled (BCI)? devices (eg. neuroprosthetics) What are the 4 major components Cerebrum (forebrain) of the Motor system? - Conscious control of movement Brainstem - Direct movement Spinal Cord - Direct movement Other regions of the motor system - Subcortical basal ganglia help produce the appropriate amount of force for grasping - The cerebellum helps regulate the timing and accuracy of movement What is the role of the cerebral Initiating a motor sequence cortex? What is the role of the prefrontal Plans complex behaviour cortex? What is the role of the premotor Produces the appropriate complex movement cortex? sequences What is the role of the primary Specifies how each movement is to be carried out motor cortex? - Responsible for control of specific areas of the  opposite side of the body - Active when people intend a movement Within the Primary Motor Cortex - You would feel it, but it wouldn’t move what happens in the - An electrode in the brain would make you think somatosensory cortex? someone is touching your shoulder “OMG - someone is touching my shoulder” Within the Primary Motor Cortex - If an electrode is placed into one area the what happens in the motor cortex? corresponding area will move without thinking about it. When planning a movement what - Keeps track of the position of the body relative to does the posterior parietal cortex the world do? - Damage to this area causes difficulty in coordinating visual stimuli with movement. - Important for planning movement When discussing inhibition of It inhibits a saccade, a voluntary eye movement from movements what is the one target to another antisaccade task? - Anti-saccade will help you stop doing something (jogging) What happens before seeing the Performing this task well requires sustained activity in moving stimulus? parts of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. - The ability to perform this task matures through adolescence. What are mirror neurons? Active during preparation of a movement and while  watching someone perform the same movement. What are mirror neurons important - Understanding, identifying, and imitating for? - Social behaviours - Unknown whether they cause or result from social behaviour - Developing properties by learning What happens with the - Messages from the brain are sent to the medulla connections from the brain to the and spinal cord to control the muscles spinal cord? What are the corticospinal tracts? The paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. What are the two tracts? - Lateral corticospinal tract - Medial corticospinal tract What is the Lateral Corticospinal A set of axons from the primary motor cortex, Tract? surrounding areas, and red nucleus to the spinal cord. What does the lateral corticospinal - Controls movement in peripheral areas (hands tract do? and feet) What is the red nucleus? A midbrain area with output mainly to the arm muscles How does the Lateral corticospinal Axons extend from one side of the brain to the opposite tract work? side of the spinal cord, and control opposite side of the body What is the Medial Corticospinal A set of axons from many parts of the cortex. Tract? - Reticular formation - Midbrain - Tectum - Vestibular nucleus What is the vestibule nucleus? A brain area that receives information from the vestibular system. What does the medial tract The muscles of the neck, shoulders, and trunk control? - Responsible for bilateral movements like walking, turning, bending, standing up, and sitting down. What is the Role of the Brainstem Maintaining posture, standing upright, coordinating in movement? movements of the limbs, swimming and walking, - The brainstem grooming the fur, and making nests. - Cerebral Palsy Voluntary movements difficult to make, whereas conscious behaviour controlled by the cortex may remain intact - Caused by brain stem trauma  - Locked-In Syndrome Condition in which a patient is aware and awake but cannot move or communicate verbally because of complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles except the eyes - Do to brain damage What happened to Christopher - Spinal cord was severed near it’s upper end Reeve’s? (C1-C2) - Left his brain intact and functioning; his remaining spinal cord intact and functioning - His brain and spinal cord were no longer connected - He was completely paralyzed and unable even to breathe without assistance. What can happen with damage to Quadriplegia the spinal cord and explain what - Paralysis and loss of sensation in the legs and they are. arms due to spinal cord injury (reeve’s injury) Paraplegia - Paralysis and loss of sensation confined to legs and lower body due to spinal cord injury What happens in humans and Spinal reflexes still function even through the spinal cord animals with severed spinal cord? is cut off from communication with the brain - Paralyzed limbs may display spontaneous movements or spasms - The brain can no longer guide the timing of these automatic movements. What is the Cerebellum Balance and coordination associated with and how many - More neurons in the cerebellum than in all other neurons are there? brain areas combined. What does damage to the Trouble with rapid movements requiring aim / timing. cerebellum cause? Ex. clapping hands, speaking, writing. How does the Cerebellum improve Cortex sends motor instructions to the spinal cord and movement control? copies the same instructions sent to theCerebellum. Sensory receptors code actual movement and report to the cerebellum. What information does the The Cerebellum has information about both versions of Cerebellum have in regards to the movement - what you intended to do and what you movement. actually did and can calculate the error and tell the cortex how to correct the movement. What is an example of how a The finger to nose task can test the Cerebellum movement can test the - Hold the hand out and touch the nose as soon as cerebellum? possible. What happens when there is It give the same symptoms that often appears to be like damage to the cerebellum? being drunk. What is the basal ganglia? A group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain What is the basal ganglia Initiating an action not guided by a stimulus. responsible for? What is the basal ganglia - Caudate Nucleus comprised of? - Putamen - Globus Pallidus What are the pathways for Input Input and Output of the Basal Ganglia? - Cerebral Cortex → Caudate Nucleus and putamen → Globus Output - Globus Pallidus → Thalamus → Motor areas and the prefrontal cortex. How does a basal ganglia select a By ceasing to inhibit it. movement Promote - Direct - promotes the behaviour (movement) Inhibit - Indirect - suppresses unwanted behaviour How does Tourettes apply to the - Involuntary ticks, movements or vocalizations basal ganglia? - Abnormality of the basal ganglia * more so in right hemisphere * indirect pathway is not working correctly and not inhibiting behaviours. How does motor learning involve Organizes sequences of movement, “automatic” the basal ganglia? behaviours and new habits Ex. Driving a car What happens when new skills are The pattern of activity of the neurons in the motor cortex learned? becomes more consistent. What happens with conscious It happens at two different times decisions and movement? What is a readiness potential? Activity in the motor cortex that occurs before voluntary movement - Begins at least 200 ms before the movement What are movement disorders? Brain disorders, such as parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease not only affect movement, but also impair mood, memory, and cognition. What are the movement - Muscle tremors symptoms of Parkinson's - Rigidity Disease? - Slow movements - Difficulty initiating physical and mental activity What are the symptoms of - Depression parkinson’s? - Memory and reasoning deficits - Loss of olfaction - Other cognitive deficits What causes Parkinsons? Gradual and progressive death of neurons, especially in the substantia nigra What does the substantia nigra It usually sends dopamine releasing axons to the do? caudate nucleus and putamen How does loss of dopamine affect Leads to less stimulation of the motor cortex and slower the motor cortex? onset of movements - Genetics - Drugs (ie, MPTP) and Toxins - Trauma - Lifestyle factors What is the treatment for The drug L-dopa is a precursor to dopamine that easily Parkinson’s? crosses the blood-brain barrier What are other treatments for - Drugs that directly stimulate dopamine receptors Parkinsons? - Implanting electrodes to stimulate areas deep in the brain - experimental : stem cell What is Huntington’s Disease? A neurological disorder characterized by carious motors symptoms - Affects 1 in 7,000 in Canada - Usually onset occurs between age 30-50 What causes Huntington’s Gradual and extensive brain damage especially in the disease? basal ganglia but also in the cerebral cortex. What are the physical symptoms - Weight loss of Huntington’s disease? - Involuntary movements (chorea) - Diminished coordination - Difficulty walking, talking swallowing What are the cognitive symptoms - Difficulty with focus of Huntington’s disease? - Difficulty with planning - Difficulty with recalling and information - Difficulty making decisions - Impaired insight What are the emotional symptoms - Depression of Huntington’s disease? - Apathy - Irritability - Anxiety - Obsessive behaviour What are presymptomatic tests? Can identify with high accuracy who will develop the disease What controls hereditary Controlled by an autosomal dominant gene on the diseases? chromosome #4 What is the likelihood of getting a The higher the number of consecutive repeats of the disease? combination C-A-G = the more certain and earlier the person is to develop the disease.