Psychology Lecture Notes PDF

**PSY - wk \#4: Biological Psychology** - - NEUROSCIENTISTS STUDY THE RELATIONS BETWEEN behavior & THE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ NEUROIMAGING Procedures USED TO TAKE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ OF THE BRAIN **Brief intro to brain** Neuron Nerve cells specialized for communication 86,000 in t...

**PSY - wk \#4: Biological Psychology** - - NEUROSCIENTISTS STUDY THE RELATIONS BETWEEN behavior & THE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ NEUROIMAGING Procedures USED TO TAKE \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ OF THE BRAIN **Brief intro to brain** Neuron Nerve cells specialized for communication 86,000 in the brain Intercellular communication - Each neuron makes tens of thousands of connections with other neurons \~ 160 trillion connections in the brain **The subcomponents of neurons** Cell body (soma)contains the nucleus Nucleus manufactures proteins Dendrites receive information (or signals) from other neurons, & pass it to the cell body Axons send the information (or signal) to other neurons **Steps of Signal transmission** 1\. Synaptic travels through the axon to reach its end (Axon terminal) 2\. An electrical signal (Action potential) must travel the length of the axon to cause the synaptic vesicles to release Neurotransmitters Spherical sacs containing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons used to communicate with each other 3\. Axon terminals release neurotransmitters into a gap (Synapse) through which information is exchanged between neurons (i.e., received by receptors on the dendrites of nearby neurons) Reuptake - A means of recycling neurotransmitters Receptor sites - Locations that uniquely recognize a neurotransmitter [Receptor sites are specialized to receive only certain types of neurotransmitters ] **Neurotransmitters** - - - - - - **Neurotransmitters** - - - - - **Myelin sheath** - - - - **How much brain do we use?** the 10% myth. - (movies saying we only use 10% of our brain) Neuroimaging studies - [all brain regions become active on brain scans at one time or another:] When engaging in different activities & generating different thoughts, feelings or perceptions When engaging in different activities & generating different thoughts, feelings, or perceptions Losses of small regions of certain parts of the brain can cause a permanent function or show subtle behavior **Major structures of the brain** Different brain regions serve different functions Which interact with one another to generate our thoughts, feelings & behaviors The brain is a highly interconnected web of networks and circuits **The cerebral cortex** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the brain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (groove) Folds are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_! Every healthy human brain has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ folds & grooves on the cortex Specialized functioning analyzes sensory information & higher brain functions **Cerebral Hemispheres** 2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Right \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Left \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Corpus callosum large bundle of fibers connecting the 2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cognitive functions that rely more on one hemisphere than the other Brain produces a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for movement Major Structures of the brain Different brain regions serve \_\_\_different functions \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Which interact with one another to generate our thoughts, feelings & behaviors The brain is a highly interconnected web of networks and circuits The cerebral cortex largest of the brain gyrus ( fold ) & sulcus (groove) Folds are not random! Every healthy human brain has similar olds & grooves on the cortex Specialized functioning analyzes sensory information & higher brain functions Cerebral Hemispheres yyyyhOuter part of the brain 2 hemisphere: Right hemisphere Left hemisphere Corpus callosum large bundle of fibers connecting the 2 Cerebral hemispheres cognitive functions that rely more on one hemisphere than the other Brain produces a \_\_\_\_many axels \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for movement - - - The cerebral cortex 4\. Lobes 1. 2. 3. 4. Frontal lobe - - - prefrontal cortex- responsible for thinking and language Broca\'s area - responsible for speech production parietal lobe- - - - - - \- Ex ; ( if disaster happens on the left side of the body, there\'s neglect on the right ) Temporal and occipital lobe Temporal lobe ; hearing understanding language and memory -auditory cortex - - occipital lobe: - Subcortex structures - - \- thalamus - sensory relay station \- hypothalamus: - - - - Hippocampus: Responsible for conscious memories for facts Ex: making a map in ur head, mothers birthdate Cerebellum - - - Brainstem Contains 3 parts: - - - Say the three parts of the brainstem - Midbrain - - - Pons -triggering dreams Connects the cortex to the cerebral cortex Medulla - - - - Gray matter and white matter Gray matter (or cerebral cortex) Contains cell bodies and dendrites of neurons (appears darker ) [White matter : ] - [Protection against injury] - - - [Meninges ] - [Neuroplasticity ] - - Possible ways neuroplasticity can occur: - - - Synaptogenesis - - - Pruning - - - - - Myelination \- axons are insulated by myelin sheaths [Neuroimaging techniques ] - - [Mri scans ] - - - Disatangates: - - [Pet scans] -measures brian activity \- Radioactive substance is injected Disadvantages : invasive procedure (less used) Brain simulation techniques - - Transitional magnetic situations (tms) - Groove that separates frontal to parietal lobe - central Prefrontal cortex is responsible for - higher order processing ( decision making, thinking ) Broca\'s area located Behavioral genetics - Heritability - Phenotypic variance - Behavioral genetics methods - - Family studies - - - Twin studies - 1. 2. - Adoption studies - -