Muscle Types and Movement Control

Fast-twitch or Slow-twitch

False (B)

<p>Involuntary, consistent, and automatic responses to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflex requiring one synapse between sensory input and movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A neural mechanism in the spinal cord or elsewhere that generates rhythmic patterns of motor output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plans complex behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uses the brain's signals to direct computer-controlled devices (eg. neuroprosthetics)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiating a motor sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The muscles of the neck, shoulders, and trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining posture, standing upright, coordinating movements of the limbs, swimming and walking, grooming the fur, and making nests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balance and coordination. More neurons in the cerebellum than in all other brain areas combined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trouble with rapid movements requiring aim / timing. e.g., clapping hands, speaking, writing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiating an action not guided by a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Input Cerebral Cortex → Caudate Nucleus and putamen → Globus Pallidus Output Globus Pallidus → Thalamus → Motor areas and the prefrontal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By ceasing to inhibit it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pattern of activity of the neurons in the motor cortex becomes more consistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It happens at two different times</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activity in the motor cortex that occurs before voluntary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain disorders, such as parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease not only affect movement, but also impair mood, memory, and cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rigidity (A), Difficulty initiating physical and mental activity (B), Muscle tremors (C), Slow movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle tremors, rigidity, slow movements, difficulty initiating physical and mental activity, depression, memory and reasoning deficits, loss of olfaction, other cognitive deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual and progressive death of neurons, especially in the substantia nigra</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It usually sends dopamine releasing axons to the caudate nucleus and putamen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to less stimulation of the motor cortex and slower onset of movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug L-dopa is a precursor to dopamine that easily crosses the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs that directly stimulate dopamine receptors, implanting electrodes to stimulate areas deep in the brain, experimental: stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A neurological disorder characterized by carious motors symptoms. Affects 1 in 7,000 in Canada Usually onset occurs between age 30-50</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involuntary movements (chorea) (A), Diminished coordination (B), Weight loss (C), Difficulty walking, talking swallowing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty with focus (A), Difficulty making decisions (B), Impaired insight (C), Difficulty with planning (D), Difficulty with recalling and information (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depression (A), Anxiety (B), Irritability (C), Obsessive behaviour (D), Apathy (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can identify with high accuracy who will develop the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlled by an autosomal dominant gene on the chromosome #4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The higher the number of consecutive repeats of the combination C-A-G = the more certain and earlier the person is to develop the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscles that control the movement of organs like the digestive tract.

Muscles that control body movement.

The muscles of the heart.

The connection between a nerve cell and a muscle cell.

A chemical that signals muscles to contract.

Muscles that work in opposite pairs to produce movement.

Bends a joint.

Straightens a joint.

Muscle fibers that contract quickly but tire easily.

Muscle fibers that contract slowly but don't tire easily.

Sensory receptors that detect body position and movement.

Proprioceptors that detect muscle stretch and initiate a contraction.

Proprioceptors that detect muscle tension and inhibit contraction.

Involuntary responses to stimuli.

Reflex with one synapse between sensory input and movement.

Neural mechanism generating rhythmic movement patterns.

Fixed sequence of movements in the nervous system.

Interface allowing brain signals to control devices.

Conscious movement control part of the brain.

Responsible for planning complex actions and movements.

Planning and organizing complex movement sequences.

Directs specific body parts for movement.

Important for coordinating vision and movement.

Suppressing a voluntary eye movement to a different target.

Neurons active during both movement and observing a similar movement.

Paths from cortex to spinal cord for motor control.

Controls peripheral movements.

Controls neck, shoulders, and trunk movements.

Group of brain structures for initiating and controlling movement.

A neurological disorder involving involuntary movements and vocalizations