Big Bang Nucleosynthesis PDF

12/17/2024 THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS 1 HOW DID THE EXISTENCE OF EVERYTHING STARTED? 2 1  12/17/2024 Cosmolo...

12/17/2024 THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS 1 HOW DID THE EXISTENCE OF EVERYTHING STARTED? 2 1  12/17/2024 Cosmology is the body of science Cosmology that studies the origin, evolution and eventual fate of the universe 3 4 2  12/17/2024 Religious Cosmology Religious or mythological cosmology explains the origin of universe and life based on religious beliefs of a specific tradition The concept of creatio ex nihilo God creating the universe as written in the book of Genesis 5 6 3  12/17/2024 Physical Cosmology Physical cosmology explains the origin of universe based on scientific insights, studies and experiments 7 Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist Geocentric Theory 8 4  12/17/2024 Nicolas Copernicus Heliocentric Theory the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe. 9 Galileo Galilei Astronomer, Physicist And Engineer Invented the telescope Galileo supported the heliocentric (Sun- centered) theory of Copernicus. 10 5  12/17/2024 Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity 11 Divine Creation Oscillating Theory Universe The ORIGIN of the Universe Steady-state Big Bang Universe Theory 12 6  12/17/2024 The term STEADY STATE means a stable condition that does not change over time or in which change in one direction is continually balanced by change in another. 13 Sir Fred Hoyle Hermann Bondi Thomas Gold 14 7  12/17/2024 The Steady-state theory proposes that matter is continuously created at a rate that keeps the average density of the universe the same as it expands. 15 16 8  12/17/2024 17 The discovery of The discovery of cosmic Quasars microwave background (high frequency radio wave) 18 9  12/17/2024 The discovery of Quasars. A quasar is thought to be a luminous galactic core, powered by a super-massive black hole. Quasars are so far away For this reason, the study from us that their light has of quasars can provide taken several billion years astronomers with to reach the Earth. information about the early stages of the universe. 19 The discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background In the Big Bang theory, this radiation is a relic or snapshot from the time the Universe was young and hot and was predicted In the Steady State long before it was theory it is almost discovered. impossible to explain the origin of this radiation. 20 10  12/17/2024 THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY The Oscillatory Universe Theory is a hypothesis credited to Richard Tolman who saw it as a possible outcome of the Big Bang. 21 THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY It is a cosmological model that combines both the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as part of a cyclical event. 22 11  12/17/2024 THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY One implication of the Big Bang Theory is that the universe may grow cold and dark and die an ultimate heat death (Big Freeze or Heat Death). This will happen if the universe expands forever. 23 THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY Some cosmologists believe that the universe will eventually reach a maximum point of expansion and that once this happens, it will then collapse into itself (BIG CRUNCH). The universe will begin to contract once expansion ends. 24 12  12/17/2024 THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY However, some scientists speculate that the Big Crunch would not signal the end. They believe that perhaps another Big Bang would follow the Big Crunch, giving rise to a new universe of possibilities. 25 THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY This idea that Big Bangs follow Big Crunches in a never-ending cycle is known as an oscillating universe. If this theory holds true, then the universe in which we live and exists between a Big Bang and a Big Crunch. 26 13  12/17/2024 It ignores the second law of It doesn’t really All recent data thermodynamics, provide for an shows that the which requires explanation of the universe is not usable energy to initial creation; closed and continually decrease rather, it only consequently will and for the pushes it back expand forever. universe to become further in time. more random and disorganized. Problems with the OSCILLATING UNIVERSE Theory 27 The first idea of the big bang didn't come from science but from the The literary pen of Edgar Allan Poe. BIG BANG The BIG BANG THEORY THEORY states that the universe began with a gigantic explosion about 13.7 billion years ago. 28 14  12/17/2024 Georges Lemaitre Belgian Roman Catholic priest, physicist and astronomer credited with the first definitive formulation of the idea of an expanding universe 29 30 15  12/17/2024 POINT of ORIGIN It is a point Then in a cosmic where some All the mass in the explosion--the Big property is universe was compressed Bang--the universe infinite. into a single point of came into being. infinite density...smaller..and then there SINGULARITY than a single atom. was everything. 31 INFLATION The rapid expansion that occur after the explosion. During the inflation, the universe expanded much faster than the speed of light. 32 16  12/17/2024 INFLATION The inflation began a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang, about 0.000000000000000000000 000000000000001 second! It lasted for another 0.000000000000000000000 000000000001 second. The scale of the universe expanded exponentially in that brief span. 33 Other celestial bodies and galaxies are still being formed. BIG BANG THEORY It also proposes that the universe has neither boundary nor center. 34 17  12/17/2024 The observed proportions of elements Three Major The discovery of cosmic microwave Evidences background radiation. The expansion of space, which cause the galaxies to recede from one another. 35 Abundance 75% of Hydrogen Hydrogen and Helium 25% Helium 36 18  12/17/2024 According to the Big In a million Hydrogen fuels stars Bang theory, expansion years, the and acts as a building cooled the universe universe had block for other enough for matter such as protons, neutrons, expanded and elements. and electrons to form cooled enough Once hydrogen atoms from the radiation for hydrogen formed, stars and galaxies began to form, within a few seconds and helium too. after the big bang. atoms to form. 37 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Scientists believe that the remnant of the echo of the first explosion had been detected through the radio telescopes in 1970’s In 1965, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were making adjustments to a new radio antenna that they had built. 38 19  12/17/2024 This all-sky map of the cosmic background radiation taken by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite reveals an average temperature of about 2.73 K everywhere. This is the cooled-off remnants of the Big Bang. 39 Long ago, the entire The Universe universe might have EXPANSION was once been contained in an extremely small space, SMALLER effectively a point. 40 20  12/17/2024 In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced that the universe is expanding. Hubble based his conclusion on observations of the spectral lines in light from other galaxies. 41 He found that these spectral lines were almost always shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. This effect, called RED SHIFT, can be explained by the Doppler effect. The faster a light source moves away, the more that light stretches to longer wavelengths and shifts toward the red end of the spectrum. 42 21  12/17/2024 When an object is approaching us, the shift is toward shorter wavelengths at the spectrum’s blue end and is called BLUE SHIFT. Hubble found that most galaxies have red shifts and that galaxies that are farther away have greater red shifts. Hubble explained this by proposing that almost every galaxy is moving away from Earth. 43 Hubble found that most galaxies have red shifts and that galaxies that are farther away have greater red shifts. 44 22  12/17/2024 45 Big Bang Theory The universe began as a singularity or a point containing all space, time, matter and energy It expanded rapidly in nothingness through a rapid yet peaceful process called inflation The universe cooled down as it expanded 46 23  12/17/2024 Nucleosynthesis THE FORMATION OF ATOMIC NUCLEI. IT IS HOW ELEMENTS ARE MADE. 47 FORMATION of BASIC ELEMENTS 48 24  12/17/2024 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), also known as Primordial Nucleosynthesis, is the process of producing light elements during the big bang expansion It yields two stable isotopes of hydrogen, two isotopes of helium, some lithium atoms and beryllium isotopes 49 50 25  12/17/2024 The BIG BANG THEORY is a cosmological model that 1 describes how the universe started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis is the process of 2 producing light elements during the Big Bang expansion. The correlation between the predicted and observed 3 cosmic abundances of hydrogen and helium was the major proof of the big bang theory. 51 FORMATION of HEAVIER ELEMENTS 52 26  12/17/2024 STELLAR EVOLUTION 53 STELLAR FORMATION 54 27  12/17/2024 55 NEBULA a cloud of gas and dust in space. can begin to collapse under its own gravitational attraction. the material at the center begins to heat up – forming a PROTOSTAR. 56 28  12/17/2024 57 58 29  12/17/2024 A PROTOSTAR is hot core at the heart of the collapsing cloud that will one day become a star. 59 As stars move toward the end of their lives much of At 1 million oC, STAR their hydrogen has atomic nuclei been converted to start fusing Nuclear fusion helium together. causes the star to ignite. Hydrogen to NUCLEAR Helium to heavier Energy is FUSION produced. elements. 60 30  12/17/2024 OUR VERY OWN SUN The sun is believed to be in the middle of the main sequence phase of stellar evolution It will remain as such for at least five billion years Red giant stars stay on the main sequence phase for at least 100 billion years 61 Larger than Red Giant Stars. Helium sinks to RED Have 1000 times the star's core GIANTS the diameter of the sun and raises the large, swelling star's temperature— stars. large bright SUPER RED causing it to expand. star with a GIANTS cool surface. EXPANSION 62 31  12/17/2024 63 64 32  12/17/2024 PLANETARY NEBULA created when a star blows off its outer layers after it has run out of fuel to burn. At the center of a planetary nebula, the glowing, left-over central part of the star from which it came can usually still be Dumbbell Nebula seen. 65 CRAB NEBULA Observed in 1054 by Chinese astronomers and was the first supernova observation ever recorded. Rediscovered in 1758 by Charles Messier as he was observing a bright comet. 66 33  12/17/2024 WHITE DWARFS These are very small, hot star, the last stage in the life cycle of a star like the Sun. Have mass similar to the Sun. Have approximately the Earth’s diameter. Very dense. 67 68 34  12/17/2024 BLACK DWARFS burnt-out core of an old star that no longer emits light, generally believed to follow the white dwarf stage as the final stage in the evolution of small to medium mass stars. 69 SUPERNOVA the explosive death of a star, and often results in the star obtaining the brightness of 100 million suns for a short time. Supernova are thought to be main source of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. 70 35  12/17/2024 Crab Nebula (M1) Observed by Chinese astronomers, July 4, 1054 Remnant of a supernova 71 NEUTRON STARS composed mainly of neutrons. -Very dense. -have mass three times the Sun. -20km in diameter. 72 36  12/17/2024 BLACK HOLE An extremely dense celestial body that has been theorized to exist in the universe. The gravitational pull in it is so great that nothing can escape from it, not even light. It distort the space around them, and can often suck neighboring matter into them including stars. 73 Hydrogen burning - refers to a set of stellar reactions resulting in the production of Helium from Hydrogen. Helium burning - refers to a set of stellar nuclear reactions that uses helium to produce energy and heavier elements such as Be, O, Ne and Fe. Beta decay results in an increase in the number of protons of the nucleus by one. Hence, a heavier nucleus is formed. 74 37  12/17/2024 The larger the mass of a star, the shorter its life cycle. 75 Elements heavier than iron are formed after a supernova. 76 38