Important Names in Philosophy and Psychology PDF

Movements - Dualism o Mental vs physical - Rationalism o Knowledge comes from reason o Innate knowledge - Empiricism o Knowledge comes from sensory experience o Tabula rasa - Positivism o Authentic knowle...

Movements - Dualism o Mental vs physical - Rationalism o Knowledge comes from reason o Innate knowledge - Empiricism o Knowledge comes from sensory experience o Tabula rasa - Positivism o Authentic knowledge obtained trough scientific method, religion and philosophy inferior forms of explanation - Idealism o Human knowledge is an construction of the mind and doesn’t necessarily correspond with the outside world - Realism o Human knowledge tries to reveal real properties of the outside world - Reductionism o The view that theories of mental properties can be reduced to neuroscientific theories – Focuses on breaking down complex phenomena into simpler components to understand their fundamental elements - Functionalism o Examined practical functions of the human mind inspired by the evolutionary theory. Studies how thoughts, feelings and behaviours contribute to an individual’s ability to functions effectively in their environment - Structuralism o Sought to analyse and understand the structure of consciousness by breaking it down into its basic components or elements - Spiritualism o Belief that spirits of the dead could be contacted by mediums - Behaviourism o Observable behaviours are the most important aspect of human functioning to be understood, denies the relevance of information processing in the mind Names in the summary - Lindberg o Importance of written records - Hippocrates o Father of (modern) medicine - Heraclitus o Everything always changing, conditions never the same - Plato o Rationalism  o Real knowledge does not come from observation. There is innate knowledge. World of ideal forms/theory of forms: There are timeless, perfect ideas of things (circles, etc.). We only have/see imperfect forms. o Cave - Aristotle o Empiricist/ both o Seen as the founding father of empiricism, although he also held some rationalist views. Placed emphasis on the importance of gaining knowledge through observations. Additionally: There are axioms that cannot be rejected by observations (although they are acquired via experience), this was quite rationalist. o Heart = seat of the soul, brain = to counterbalance the heat of the heart - Newton o Laws of physics - Descartes o Dualism o God and perfection o I think therefore I am o Soul has innate knowledge, could be recovered by reasoning (like Plato) - Bacon o Interaction between perception and reasoning is required o Importance of experiments - Comte o Theocratic stage, metaphysical stage and positivistic stage o Because scientific knowledge is always true, it should be the motor of all progress - Augustine of Hippo o First to discover unconscious o Problem of other minds - Brahmagupta o Invented number 0 - Galilei & Copernicus o Heliocentric model - De Groot o Empirical cycle o Physics envy - Locke o Father of empiricism (tabula rasa) - Berkeley o Idealism o Ideas are caused by god, these are incomprehensible so cannot ne deduced through reasoning, only have perception to fall back on - Hume o Idealist o Our belief in causation is an result of our mental habit, not an direct perception of an necessary link between events o Problem of induction, assumption of similarity - Kant o Empiricism + rationalism o Knowledge from an interaction between sensory experiences and innate structures of the mind - Reid o Common sense realism - Wolff o First with introspection - Comte o Positivism o Criticised psychology for being to subjective - Hooke, Mayer, Weber, Fechner - Darwin o Natural selection - Spencer o Survival of the fittest - Galton (nephew Darwin) o Individual differences in mental ability due to inherited differences, o Eugenics: Intelligence should be leading in who gets to procreate and who doesn’t. - Quetelet o Prediction were possible with a lot an observations instead of one - Wundt o First psychology lab, introspection o Circumplex model - James o Wrote: the principles of psychology o Best method: introspection o Functionalism - Titchener (student Wundt) o Structuralism - Freud o Id, ego, superego o Treatment of mental health problems by conversations o Psychoanalysis based on introspection - Pearson o Correlation coefficient - Spearman o General intelligence: hypothetical underlying factor that contributes to performance on an wide variety of cognitive tasks - Thorndike o Law of effect o Comparative psychology - Pavlov o Classical conditioning - Skinner o Radical behaviourism, behaviour understood by S-R associations  o Echoic operant - Chomsky o Universal grammar o Poverty of stimulus argument o E.g. red chair example, parents o Lawful - Galen o Pig experiment, voice from the brain not the heart o Ventricles - Vesalius o Functional division: 1st ventricle: common sense, fantasy, 2nd ventricle: thoughts, 3rd ventricle: memory - Hebb o Cells that fore together, wire together - Luria o Law of hierarchical structure, diminishing specificity, progressive lateralisation